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The Urinary System18
Chaper 18 Urinary system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the Urinary system consist of? | 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and Urethra |
| Urine gets rid of waste products in the form of cells, what does it get rid of? | Urea, Creatinine and Ammonia |
| How do teh kideney regulate blood volume? | By excreting ofr conserving water. |
| How do the kideys regulate electrolites | excreting or conserving water. |
| How do the kidney regulate Ph? | By excreting or conserving ions |
| Where are the kidneys located? | Superior posterior abdominal cavity under the lower ribs on both sides of the spine. |
| What are they embedded in for protection? | Adipose tissue |
| What is the covering that holds the kidneys in place? | Renal fascia |
| what is the medial indentation where structures enter and exit the kidney | the Hilus |
| What are the 2 structural sares (internal) of the kidney. | Renal cortex, Renal medulla, Renal Pelvis |
| Where is the Renal cortex located? | The outer layer |
| In the Renal Cortes there is Renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules of the _______? | Nephrons |
| In the Renal Medulla there are Renal pyramids, what are they | The are loops of Henle and the collecting tubules of the nephron also the papilla. |
| Where is the renal pelvis located? | in a space that is a widened area of teh ureturs. |
| The calyces of the renal pelive do what to the papillae of teh renal pyramids? | encloses |
| The nepron is a functional unit of the kidney | true |
| There are 1 million nephrons in each kidney | true |
| The nephron forms urine from the blood | True |
| what are 2 major parts of the nephron? | The renal corpusclesand blood vessels. |
| In reh renal corpuscles what is teh capillary network that starts from an afferant arteriole and ends as efferant arteriole | Glomerulus |
| Efferent arteriole is smaller or larger the the afferent to increase the blood pressure in the glomerulus? | smaller |
| where is the Bowmans capsule (aka glomerular) located? | surrounds the glomerulus |
| How many layers does the Bowmans capsule have | 2 |
| what is the inner layer of teh bowmans capsule made of? | podo cytes |
| what to the podo cytes in the bowmans capsule cover | the glomerular capillaries |
| Gaps make the glomerular capillaries highly _______? | perimable |
| The outer layer of Bowmans capsule is the expanded end of what | the renal tubule |
| The space between teh 2 layers of teh Bowmans capsule contains what | Ranal filtrate |
| The filtrate eventually becomes what | urine |
| what is the continuation of the outer glomerular capsule | the renal tubule |
| what are the 3 parts of the renal tubual | the Proximal convoluted tubual (cortex), the Loop of Henle (aka Lupe of teh Nephron)(medulla), and the distal convoluted tubule (cortex) |
| The renal tubules are covered in what which arises from efferent arteroles | partublar capillaries |
| The distal tubules of several nephrons empty into what | a collecting tubule |
| Several collecting tubules coverge to form a what? | Papillary duct |
| How many major process are in urine formation | 3 |
| what is the first major process in urine formation | glomerular filtration |
| what is glomerular filtration? | blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances and small proteins (collectively called renal filtrate) out of glomeruli into Bowman capsules ( low pressure) |
| Renal filtrate contains waste products and useful non-waste products they are similar to plasma except what | they have no large proteins |
| Glomerular filtration rate- the amount of reanal filtrate is formed in how long | a minute |
| Tubular reabsorption from the renal tubules to the _________ | Peritubular |
| what is the percent of filtrate is reabsorption in tubual reabsorption | 99% |
| 65% of teh reabsorption takes place in teh what | promixal convoluter tubles |
| The rest of filetate is reabsorbed in what and where | In the Lupe of Henle and in the distal convoluted tubules |
| What are the mechanisms of reabsorption | avtive transport, passive transport,osmosis,and Pinocytosis |
| in avtive transprot it uses what to actively transport useful materials from the filtrate back to the blood. | ATP |
| Does passive transport require energy | no |
| osmosis is waster follows soultes | true |
| what is active process where the larger molecules are engulfed by the cell membrane of the proximal convoulted tubule | Pinocytosis |
| What is tubular secretion | active transport from the pertubual capillaries to the renal tubuales |
| what are the hormones that affect water reabsorption | aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, and antiduretic hormone |
| Does aldosterone in crease or decrease the reabsorption of Na+ and the excretion of K+ and blood pressure | Increases |
| Does atrial natriuretic peptide increase or decrease the reabsorption of Na+ and blood pressure | decreases |
| does antidiuretic hormone increase or decrease the reabsorption of H2o and blood pressure | increases |
| kidneys are the main factor in blood pH | true |
| 3 other kidney functions are | Secretion of Renin, Secretion of erythropoietin, activation of VIT D |
| the secretion of Renin leads to the realease of what | angiotensin II and aldrosterone. |
| what does the secretion of erthropoietin do | stimulates RBC production |
| Other forms of Vit D are converted to what thisis the most active for of vit D | to calcitrol |
| Uriters are what that fo from each hilus to posteroinferior urinary bladder | paired tubes |
| smoothe muscle in urters move urine with | peristalsis |
| as teh bladder fills it compresses the inferior urter to prevent what | back flow |
| the urinary bladder is a muscualr sac that is located | below the peritoneum posterior to the pubic bone |
| how much urine can a bladder hold | 800ml |
| what permits the expansion of the bladder | transitional epithelium |
| what is the shape of the destusor muscle | sphere shaped |
| what is the detrusor muscle | an involuntary muscle layer superficial to epitheliumj.i |
| what is the internal urethral sphincter | fibers of the detrusor |
| is teh unternal urethral sphincter voluntary or involunary | involuntary |
| ____________ is a single tube from teh bladder to vagina or penis | Urethra |
| the external urethral sphincter is made of what | Skelatal muscle on the pelvis floor |
| is the external urethral sphincter involunatry or voluntary | voluntary |
| the Urethra is longer in men | true |
| what are the parts of a male urethra | prostatic urethra, membranars, cavernous uretha, they carry urine and semen |
| What is another name for urination | micturition or voiding |
| is urination a spinal cord reflex | yes |
| urination reflex is stimulated by the stretching of what muscle | destrusor |
| at what point does the sensation to urinate | when the bladder has 200-400 ml |
| what is the amount of urine output in a day | about 2 liters |
| Oligura is what | descrease urination |
| what causes oliguria | sweating and decreased fluid intake |
| what is polyuria | increased urination |
| what causes polyuria | diabetes, excess fluid intake, alcohol, caffine, diuretics |
| the yellow byproduct of bile breakdown in what | urochrome |
| when urochrome is concentrated is it lighter or darker in color | darker |
| if urochrome is diluted is it lighter of darker in color | lighter |
| what clor should freshly voided urine be | should be clear not cloudy |
| what is specific gravity | a measure of dissolved materials |
| if the specific gravity is higher it is | more concentrated |
| if the specific gravity is lower is it | diluted |
| What is the pH balance in urine | 4.6-8.0 avg is 6 |
| what is normal urine constituents | 95% water, 5% excess salts and waste products |
| what does nitrogenous waste contain | nitrogen |
| what is formed in the liver from breakdown of AA"s | Urea |
| Creatinine if breakdown of creatine phosphate in what | the muscles |
| what is the breakdown of nucleic acids | uric acid |
| urobilin is from hemoglobin of what | dead RBCs |
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