BIO 220 Final Exam
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex | Addison's Disease
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| Hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty | Acromegaly
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| Hyposecretion of insulin | Diabetes mellitus
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| Hyposecretion of growth hormone | Pituitary Dwarfism
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| Autoimmune disorder of thyroid | Grave's Disease
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| Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex | Cushing's Disease
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| Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in adults | Myxedema
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| Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone in infants | Cretinism
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| Thyroid | Major regulator of metabolism
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| Adrenal medulla and cortex | Involved with fight or flight, on top of kidneys
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| Hypophysis | Stimulates other endocrine glands
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| Parathyroid | Control calcium and potassium
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| Pancreas | Produces hormones that regulate glucose
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| Thymus | Where T-cells mature, part of immune system, shrinks as you grow older
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| The antagonistic hormones that regulate blood | Calcitonin and Parathyroid
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| The hormones that regulate blood sugar levels are ____ and ______ | Insulin and Glucagon
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| The ____ are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin | Beta Cells
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| The _____ are the pancreatic islets cells that produce glucagon | Alpha Cells
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of ________ | Sodium
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| The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the _______ | Thyroid
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| Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______ | Cortisol
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| Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as _______ | Down regulation
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| The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________ | The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
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| Thyroid hormone enters target cells in a manner similar to ________ | steroid hormones (or lipid-soluble) because both diffuse easily into target cells
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| The major targets of growth hormone are _______ | Bones and skeletal muscles
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| The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________ | Targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts (or osteoblasts)
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| Leptin is secreted by ________ | Adipocytes
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| Know the mechanism of calcium homeostasis | Thyroid prodces calcitonin---> calcium goes back into bones. Parathyroid produces PTH --> Increases calcium
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| What is the function of FSH in males? | Along with testosterone, produces sperm
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| Hormone that stimulates production of RBCs is ____ | Erythropoietin (EPO)
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| The hormone regulating electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is _____ | Aldosterone
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| Name hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) | FSH, LH, GH, ACTH, PRL, TSH
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| Name the steroid-based hormones | Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone, Aldosterone
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| Name the categories of endocrine gland stimuli | Humoral, hormonal, neural
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| Know structural and functional characteristics of WBCs | Granulocytes: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes
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| Multi-lobed nucleus, act as phagocytes for bacteria, largest number of leukocytes | Neutrophil
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| Bi-lobed nucleus, red granules, kill parasites | Eosinophil
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| Bi-lobed nucleus, Purple/Black granules, release histamine under allergy attacks(heparin) | Basophil
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| Spherical nucleus, Pale blue cytoplasm, attacks foreign cells | Lymphocyte
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| U-shaped nucleus, gray/blue cytoplasm, largest size of leukocytes, develop into phagocytes | Monocyte
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| What are Eicosanoids | Inflammation mediators
Ex: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, Prostacyclins
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| Understand structural and functional characteristics of hypophysis | Anterior=true gland (adenohypiphysis), makes and releases hormones
Posterior=nueral tissue, stores and releases hormones
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| The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ______ | Hypophyseal portal system
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| The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland is through the | axons
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| The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ______ | It is a storage area only
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| Normal development of the immune response is due to hormones produced by____ | Thymus
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| LH is also referred to as a _____ | Gonadotropin
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| ADH secretion will increase when blood pressure | Decreases
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| The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is _______ | Gluconeogenesis
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| The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the ______ | Thyroid
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| The presence of an exophthalmic goiter is associated with ______ | Grave's disease (hyperthyroidism)
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| What characteristics are associated with hyposecretion of thyroid hormones? | Cushing's Disease (weight gain, fatigue, buffalo hump, moon face)
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| Decreases plasma calcium | Calcitonin
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| Regulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormone | TSH
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| Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones | ACTH
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| Stimulates milk production | Prolactin
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| Promotes development of T-cells | Thymosin
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| Increase in WBCs | Leukemia
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| Too few RBCs | Anemia
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| Too many RBCs | Polycythemia
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| Air or clot blocking vessel | Embolism
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| Any disorder of RBCs | Erythrocytosis
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| Chemical components of the Hemoglobin molecule | 4 peptide chains (2 alpha+2 beta)=heme molecule
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| Functions of blood | Regulation, protection, maintenance
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| Blood types | Universal donor: O-
Universal Recipient: AB+
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| Organs regulating RBC production | Bone marrow, kidney, liver
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| The parent cell for all formed elements of blood is _____ | Hemocytoblast
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| The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called____ | Diapedesis
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| How would an increased in amount of heparin affect blood clothing? | blood thinner and doesn't clot very well
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| What is the purpose of RhoGam injections? | Keeps Rh- mother's body from attacking Rh+ baby
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| In what situations might Rh incompatibility develop? | Rh- mother, Rh+ baby
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| Different types of capillaries | Continuous (brain and skin), fenestrated (kidneys), sinusoids (liver)
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