The Reproductive System
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| both male and females reproductive systems main function is to | produce offspring
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| the primary sex organs are the...which produce | gonads (ovaries or testes)...gametes (ova or sperm) and sex hormones
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| all other male and female reproductive organs are | accessory organs
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| the primary sex organs (gonads) for males are the...which lie in the... | testes...scrotum
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| ...travel to the body exterior from the testes through a system of | motile sperm...accesory reproductive ducts
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| the accessory reproductive ducts in the male go in the following order | the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra which opens at the tip of the penis
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| besides the accessory duct system, other male accessory reproductive organs, the....are the... | accessory glands...seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
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| the accessory glands empty their secretions into the | sex ducts during ejaculation
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| the eternal genitalia for males are the | scrotum and penis
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| the scrotum is a sac comprised of | skin and subcutaneous tissue which contains the testes or testicles
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| the scrotum is located...to the... | superficial and inferiorly external...abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
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| the scrotum responds to | changes in external temperature
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| under cold conditions the testes are...toward the..and the scrotal skin | pulled up...warm body wall...wrinkles to increase its thickness and reduce heat loss
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| the effects of the sctorum are accomplished through the action of the | dartos muscle(wrinkling) and the cremaster muscles(elevation)
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| each testis is partially surrounded by a | superficial 3 layered serous sac called the tunica vaginalis and a deeper layer called the tunica albuginea
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| each testis is divided into many...that contain sperm producing... | lobules...seminiferous tubules seperated by the tunica albuginea
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| the thick epithelium of the seminiferous tubule consists off | spermatogenic cells, sustentacular cells
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| spermatogenic cells consists of | spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids
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| spermatogenic cells are embedded in | sustentacular or sertoli cells
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| sustentacular cells or sertoli cells are cells that are attached to the | basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule capsule
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| sertoli cells form the | blood testis barrier
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| the sertoli cells nourish the | spermatogenic cells and move them toward the lumen
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| sertoli cells also | secrete testicular fluid, androgen-binding protein and the hormone inhibin
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| posteriorly, the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form a | tubulus rectus or straight tubule, which conveys sperm into the rete testis
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| rete testis is a complex network of | tiny branching tubes, which empty into efferent ductules that enter the epididymis
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| in the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenic cells move toward the... | lumen as they differentiate into sperm by a process called spermatogenesis
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| spermiogenesis is the | differentation or maturation process in which a spermatid becomes a mature spermatozoa
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| spermiation is the process in which a spermatozoon becomes | detached from the sertoloi cell and enters the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and marks the end of spermiogenesis
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| myoid cells are...cells that surround the...and help to... | smooth muscle like...seminiferous tubules...squeeze sperm through the tubules and out of the testes when they contract rhythmically
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| interstitial cells secrete the following male sex hormones | androgens, testosterone
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| androgens are secreted under the influence of...which is secreted from the... | luteinizing hormone...pituitary gland
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| testosterone also maintains all | male sex characteristics and sex organs
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| from the seminiferous tubules, motile sperm travel through the following in order | tubuli recti and rete testes, then out of the testes through the efferent ductules and lastly into the duct of the epididymis
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| the comma shaped...hugs the.. | epididymis..posterolateral surface of the testis
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| the duct of the epididymis or...is where sperm gain the ability to | ductus deferens....swim and fertilize
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| ejaculation begins with the | contraction of smooth muscle in the duct of the epididymis
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| the ductus deferens extends from the...to the...in the... | epididymis...ejaculator yduct...pelvic cavity
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| during ejaculation, the thick layers of smooth muscle in its wall...into the.... | propel sperm...urethra by peristalsis
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| the fascia-covered...contains the... | spermatic cord...ductus deferens and the testicular vessels and nerves
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| the urethra conducts | urine and semen to the exterior
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| the urethra consists of three parts | prostatic urethra, membraneous urethra, and spongy urethra
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| male accessory glands produce the bulk of...which is comprised of... | semen...motile sperm and the secretions of the accessory glands and accessory ducts
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| seminial vesicles are...glands that are posterior to the... | long, pouched...bladder
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| seminal vesicles secrete a...fluid that constitutes...of the ejaculation | sugar-rich...60%
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| the prostate gland is a group of...embedded in a...which... | compound glands...fibromuscular stroma...contracts during ejaculation to squeeze the prostatic secretion into the urethra
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| the prostate glands secretion constitutes...and is a milky fluid that contains... | 1/3 volume of semen....various substancesto enhance sperm motility and enzymes that help to clot, then to liquefy, the semen
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| the bulbourethral glands are...sized glands which secrete...to neutralize... | pea...mucus into the urethra before ejaculation...traces of acidic urine and to lubricate the urethra for the passage of semen
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| the penis is the male organ of...and is considered as... | sexual intercourse....external genitalia, along with the scrotum
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| the penis delivers | sperm into the female reproductive system
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| the penis is divided into three regions | root, shaft, glans
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| the root of the penis is the ...portion that attaches the penis to the...within the... | fixed...rami of the ischia...urogenital triangle immediately inferior to the pubic symphasis
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| the shaft or body of the penis is the...portion that is comprised of | tubular, movable..masses of erectile tissue or corpora
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| the glans of the penis is the...portion that surrounds the | expanded distal...external urethral orifice
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| the glans is covered by a...called the... | fold of skin...prepuce or foreskin
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| the penis' main nerves and vessels lie..to the midline | dorsally
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| internally, the penis contains the...and 3 long... | spongy urethra...clyindrical bodies of erectile tissue
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| corpus spongiosum surrounds the... | spongy urethra
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| there are two paired dorsal corpora cavernosa located | lateral to the corpus spongiosum
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| corpora cavernosa diverge at their...formed the..of the penis, each of which is bound to the...via... | bases...cruca...ramus of the ischium...touch CT ligaments
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| each corpus cavernosum contains | a deep artery of the penis
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| engorgement of these bodies with blood causes | erection
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| semen release involves a | two step process
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| emission is the process in which | the sympathetic nervous system coordinates peristaltic contractions that mix the fluid components of the semen within the male reproductive tract
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| ejaculation is the process in which...begin in the...to... | powerful rhythmic contractions...ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles of the pelvic floor...stiffen the penis and push semen toward the external urethral orifice
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| the male perineum is a...shaped perineum that contains the... | diamond...scrotum, root of penis and the anus
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| the primary sex organs, also called..., for females are the | gonads...ovaries which produce the gametes and sex hormones
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| the female accessory ducts include the | uterine tube, uterus, vagina
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| the uterine tubues are where | fertilization occurs
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| the vagina acts as a | birth canal
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| the external genitalia of the female are referred to as the | vulva or pudendum
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| the vulva or pudendum include the | mons pubis, labia, clitoris, structures associated with the vestibule
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| the mammary glands are actually part of the...but are considered in this chapter because of their... | integummentary system...reproductive functions of nourishing the infant
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| the female reproductive system also | houses, nourishes, protects, and deilvers a developing baby
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| the femal repro system also undergoes a | menstrual cycle of about 28 days
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| the ovaries are...shaped that lie on the...and flank the... | almond...lateral walls of the pelvic cavity...uterus on each side and are suspended by various mesenteries and ligaments
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| the mesovarium is part of a....called the...which hangs like a tent from the... | fold of peritoneum...broad ligament...uterus and uterine tubes
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| the mesovarium is continuous as the | suspensory ligaments of the ovary and its continuation is the round ligament of the uterus
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| the ovarian ligament is a distinct...enclosed within the... | fibrous band...broad ligament, and anchors the ovary to the uterus medially
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| each ovary is divided into two regions | outer cortex and inner medulla
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| the outer cortex of the ovary is the regions that | houses the developing gametes, called oocytes, which occur within saclike multicellular structures called follicles
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| the follicles | enlarge substantially as they mature
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| the inner medulla of the ovary is the region comprised of | loost CT containing the main ovarian blood vessel, lymph vessels, and nerves
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| the ovaries of a newborn female contain many | thousands of primordial follicles, each of which consists of an oocyte surrounded by a layer of flat follicular cells
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| the ovarian cycle ahs three successive phases | follicular phase (days 1-14), ovulation (day 14) and luteal phase (days 15-28)
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| the follicular phase is when...follicles start maturing | 6-12
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| generally, only one | follicle per month completes the maturation process
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| upon stimulation by...the oocyte is released from the | luteinizing hormone...ovary into the peritoneal cavity
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| ovulation involves a...followed by... | weakening and rupture of the follicle wall....violent muscular contraction of the external theca cells
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| the luteal phase is when the ruptured follicle remaining in the ovary becomes | a wavy corpus luteum that secrets progesterone and estrogens
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| progesteron acts on | mucosa of uterus, signaling it to prepare for implantaion of an embyro
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| if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum... | degenerates in about 2 weeks into a corpus albicans which remains in the ovary for several months and shrinks until it is finally phagocytosed by macrophages
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| oogenesis is the production of | the female gametes (ova)
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| oogenesis starts before | birth and takes decades to complete
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| the stem cells or...appear in the... | oogonia...ovarian follicles of the fetus during oogenesis
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| primary oocytes stay in...until...occurs years later | meiosis I...ovulation
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| each secondary oocyte then stays in..until a... | meiosis II...sperm penetrates it
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| the uterine tube is also called the | fallopian tube or oviducts
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| the uterine tubes receive | the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization
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| each uterine tube extends from an | ovary laterally to the uterus medially
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| the uterine tube has 3 reginos from lateral to medial including | infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
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| the ciliated, finger-like projections called...extending from the...create... | fimbriae...infundibulum...currents that help draw an ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube
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| the wall of the uterine tube includes two layers | muscularis layer of smooth muscle and a folded inner mucosa with a simple columnar epithelium
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| both the smooth muscle and ciliated columnar epithelial cells help | propel the oocyte toward the uterus
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| the uterus is located in the | pelvic cavity anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder
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| the hollow uterus, is shaped like an...and has four regions... | inverted pear...fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
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| the fundus of the uterus is the...region superior to the | rounded...entrance of the uterine tubes
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| the isthmus is...region inferior to the | slightly narrowed...body
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| the cervix is a...inferior to the...and projects into the | narrow neck...isthmus...vagina
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| cervical glands fill the | cervical canal with a bacteria-blocking mucus
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| the cervical canal communicates with the...via the... | vagina...external os and with the cavity of the uterine body superiorly with the internal os
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| the uterus is anchored to the...by the... | lateral pelvic walls...mesomentrium which is the largest division of the broad ligament
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| the uterus is supported by the | broad, lateral cervical, and round ligaments
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| most support for the uterus comes from the | muscles of the pelvic floor
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| the uterine wall consists of three basic layers from outer to inner | perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium
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| the perimetrium is the...which is the.. | outer serous membrane...peritoneum
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| the myometrium is a...layer consisting of | middle bulky...interlacing bundles of smooth muscle
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| the myometrium functions to | squeeeze the baby out during childbirth
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| the endometrium is an...that consits of | inner thick mucosa...simple columnar epithelium containing secretory and ciliated cells
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| the endometrium consists of two layers or...including the... | strata...stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
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| the stratum functionalis is the | inner layer closest to the uterine cavity
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| the stratum functionalis contains most of the | uterine glands and contributes most of the endometrial thickness
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| stratum functionalis undergoes | cyclic changes in response to varying levles of ovarian hormones and sloughs off each month
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| stratum basalis is the | outer layer that is adjacent to the myometrium
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| stratum basalis attaches the | endometrium to themyometrium
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| stratum basalis contains the and is not | terminal branches of the tubular glands...shed but it replenishes the stratum functionalis
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| branches of the uterine arteries form | arcuate arteries that encircle the endometrium
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| what supply the stratum basalis of the endometrium | straight arteries
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| radial arteries branch from the | arcuate arteries and supply the straight arteries and the spiral arteries
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| spiral arteries supply the | stratum funcionalis
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| the uterine cycle averages...in length but can range from...in normal individuals | 28 days...21-35 days
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| endometrial phases are closely | coordinated with the phases of the ovarian cycle
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| the uterine phases occur in response to | hormones associated with the regulation of the ovarian cycle
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| the menstrual phase of..is the onset of the...and is marked by the | menses...uterine cycle...destruction of the functional layer of the endometrium
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| the proliferative phase is when the | functional layer undergoes repair and thickens
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| proliferative phase: epithelial cells of the uterine glands | multiply and spread across the endometrial surface, restoring the integrity of the uterine epithelium
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| the end result of proliferative phase is | complete restoration of the functional layer
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| the secretory phase of the menstral cycle is when the...enlarge and incrase their... | endometrial glands...rates of secretion
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| during secretory phase the arteries... | elongate and spiral through the tissues of the funcitonal layer
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| the menstrual and proliferative phases are a | shedding and then a rebuilding of the endometrium in the two weeks before ovulation
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| the third phase prepares | endometrium to recethe vaive an embryo in the two tweeks after ovluation
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| menarche | first uterine cycle at puberty whic typically occurs at age 11-12
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| menopause | last uterine cycle which typically occurs at age 45-55
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| the vagina is a highly | distensable muscular tube that runs from the cervic of the uterus to the body exterior at the vestibule
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| primary blood supply to the vagina | vaginal branches of the internal iliac arteries and veins
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| vagina lies inferior to the...anterior and parallel to the...and posterior to the... | uterus...rectum...urethra and bladder
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| the vagina acts as the | lower portion of the birth canal
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| the vagina serves as a | passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids
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| vaginal wall consists of the | outer adventitia, middle muscularis and inner mucosa
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| adventitia is made of | fibrous CT
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| exception to the adventitia | serosa that is continuous with the pelvic peritoneum covers the portion of the vagina to the uterus
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| middle muscularis layer are layers of | smooth muscle fibers arranged in circular and longitudinal bundles that are continuous with the uterine myometrium
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| the inner mucusoa consits of an | elastic lamina propia and a stratified squamous epithelium
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| in the relaxed state, the mucosa layer is thrown into | folds called rugae
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| the vaginal lumen is | acidic
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| the vaginal lining contains a | normal population of resident bacteria which are supported by the nutrients found in the cervical mucus
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| the acidic environment of the vagina is due to the | metabolic activity of the bacteria
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| the acidity of the vagina restricts | growht of many pathogenic organisms and inhibits sperm motility
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| ...are important for successful fertilization | buffers in seminal fluid
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| near the vaginal orific, the inner layer of mucosa elaborates to form an | incomplete diaphragm called the hymen which seperates the vagina from the vestibule
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| the hymen is | vascular and tends to bleed when ruptured during the first sexual intercourse
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| vaginal fornix is a ...recess around the tip of the | shallow ringlike...cervix in the superior vagina
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| cervical protrusion is an area where | the cervix projects into the vaginal canal at the proximal end of the vagin
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| the female external genitalia include the following | mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestuble, glands associated with the vestibule, perineum, mammary glands
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| mons pubis | fatty, rounded pad overlying the pubic symphysis
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| labia majora is homologues of the...and derived from same | scrotum...embyronic structure
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| labia majora are two... | long, hair covered fatty skinfolds extending posteriorly from the mons pubis
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| labia minora are two | thin hairless folds of skin enclosed by the labia majora
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| clitoris is located | anterior to the urethral opening and projects into the vestibule
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| the clitoris is a protruding structure composed | largely of erectile tissue that is homologous with the corpora cavernosai n males
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| clitoris is hooded by a | fold of skin, the prepuce, which arises from extensions of the labia minora that encircle the body of the clitoris
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| glans | small erectile tissue area that sits atop the clitoris
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| body of the clitoris contains | paired corpora cavernosa
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| during sexual stimulation, the homologous bulbs of the vestibule or...engorge with... | vestibular bulbs...blood
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| the vestibular bulbs are | homologous to the corproa spnogiosum
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| the vestibular bulbs lie along each side of the | vaginal orifice and directly deep to the bulbospongious muscle
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| vestuble is enclosed by | labia minora
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| vestibule houses the | vaginal orifice and the urethral orifice
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| the mucus secreting...and the...of the vestuble lie just deep to the labia | greater vestibular glands....bulbs of the vestibule
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| glands associated with the vestibule include the | paraurethral glands, lesser vestibular glands and the greater vestibular glands
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| paraurethral glands discharge | lubricating fluid into the urethra near the external urethral orifice
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| lesser vestibular glands; a variable number of these glands discharge their | secretions onto the exposed surface of the vestibule to keep it moistened
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| during arousal, the greater vestibular glands discharge their secretions via a..into the... | pair of ducts...vestibule near the posterolateral margins of the vaginal entrance
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| the greater vestibular glands are...glands that resemble the... | mucous...bulbourethral glands in the male repro system
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| femal perineum is...shaped region between the... | diamond...pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly and the ischial tuberosities laterally
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| the central tendon of the perineum lies just | posterior to the vaginal orifice and the fourchette where the right and left labia minora come together to form a ridge
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| the mammary glands develope from the | skin of the embyronic milk lines
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| the mammary glands lie in the | subcutaneous layer beneath the skin of the chest
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| the mammary glands function as the site of | lactation
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| internally, each breast consits of | 15-25 lobes that secrete milk
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| the lobes are subdivided into...and are separated by | lobules and alveoli...adipose tissue and by supportive suspensory ligaments
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| the secretory lobules consist of | lactiferous duct, lactiferous sinus
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| lactiferous duct convergence of ducts leaving the | lobule
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| breast cancer usually arise from the | lactiferous duct system
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| lactiferous sinus is the expanision of ducts | leaving the lobules near the nipple
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| lactiferous sinus are ducts of underlying | mammary glands that open onto the body surface as the nippel
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| what supply the breasts | internal thoracic artery
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| the full glandular structure of the breast does not | develop until the second half of pregnancy under the influence of hormones
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| prolactin is secreted from the | anterior pituitary
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| growth hormone is from the | anterior pituitary
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| the human placental lactogen is from the | placenta
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