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HA Ch. 25 (27)
The Reproductive System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| both male and females reproductive systems main function is to | produce offspring |
| the primary sex organs are the...which produce | gonads (ovaries or testes)...gametes (ova or sperm) and sex hormones |
| all other male and female reproductive organs are | accessory organs |
| the primary sex organs (gonads) for males are the...which lie in the... | testes...scrotum |
| ...travel to the body exterior from the testes through a system of | motile sperm...accesory reproductive ducts |
| the accessory reproductive ducts in the male go in the following order | the ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra which opens at the tip of the penis |
| besides the accessory duct system, other male accessory reproductive organs, the....are the... | accessory glands...seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands |
| the accessory glands empty their secretions into the | sex ducts during ejaculation |
| the eternal genitalia for males are the | scrotum and penis |
| the scrotum is a sac comprised of | skin and subcutaneous tissue which contains the testes or testicles |
| the scrotum is located...to the... | superficial and inferiorly external...abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis |
| the scrotum responds to | changes in external temperature |
| under cold conditions the testes are...toward the..and the scrotal skin | pulled up...warm body wall...wrinkles to increase its thickness and reduce heat loss |
| the effects of the sctorum are accomplished through the action of the | dartos muscle(wrinkling) and the cremaster muscles(elevation) |
| each testis is partially surrounded by a | superficial 3 layered serous sac called the tunica vaginalis and a deeper layer called the tunica albuginea |
| each testis is divided into many...that contain sperm producing... | lobules...seminiferous tubules seperated by the tunica albuginea |
| the thick epithelium of the seminiferous tubule consists off | spermatogenic cells, sustentacular cells |
| spermatogenic cells consists of | spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids |
| spermatogenic cells are embedded in | sustentacular or sertoli cells |
| sustentacular cells or sertoli cells are cells that are attached to the | basal lamina of the seminiferous tubule capsule |
| sertoli cells form the | blood testis barrier |
| the sertoli cells nourish the | spermatogenic cells and move them toward the lumen |
| sertoli cells also | secrete testicular fluid, androgen-binding protein and the hormone inhibin |
| posteriorly, the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form a | tubulus rectus or straight tubule, which conveys sperm into the rete testis |
| rete testis is a complex network of | tiny branching tubes, which empty into efferent ductules that enter the epididymis |
| in the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenic cells move toward the... | lumen as they differentiate into sperm by a process called spermatogenesis |
| spermiogenesis is the | differentation or maturation process in which a spermatid becomes a mature spermatozoa |
| spermiation is the process in which a spermatozoon becomes | detached from the sertoloi cell and enters the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and marks the end of spermiogenesis |
| myoid cells are...cells that surround the...and help to... | smooth muscle like...seminiferous tubules...squeeze sperm through the tubules and out of the testes when they contract rhythmically |
| interstitial cells secrete the following male sex hormones | androgens, testosterone |
| androgens are secreted under the influence of...which is secreted from the... | luteinizing hormone...pituitary gland |
| testosterone also maintains all | male sex characteristics and sex organs |
| from the seminiferous tubules, motile sperm travel through the following in order | tubuli recti and rete testes, then out of the testes through the efferent ductules and lastly into the duct of the epididymis |
| the comma shaped...hugs the.. | epididymis..posterolateral surface of the testis |
| the duct of the epididymis or...is where sperm gain the ability to | ductus deferens....swim and fertilize |
| ejaculation begins with the | contraction of smooth muscle in the duct of the epididymis |
| the ductus deferens extends from the...to the...in the... | epididymis...ejaculator yduct...pelvic cavity |
| during ejaculation, the thick layers of smooth muscle in its wall...into the.... | propel sperm...urethra by peristalsis |
| the fascia-covered...contains the... | spermatic cord...ductus deferens and the testicular vessels and nerves |
| the urethra conducts | urine and semen to the exterior |
| the urethra consists of three parts | prostatic urethra, membraneous urethra, and spongy urethra |
| male accessory glands produce the bulk of...which is comprised of... | semen...motile sperm and the secretions of the accessory glands and accessory ducts |
| seminial vesicles are...glands that are posterior to the... | long, pouched...bladder |
| seminal vesicles secrete a...fluid that constitutes...of the ejaculation | sugar-rich...60% |
| the prostate gland is a group of...embedded in a...which... | compound glands...fibromuscular stroma...contracts during ejaculation to squeeze the prostatic secretion into the urethra |
| the prostate glands secretion constitutes...and is a milky fluid that contains... | 1/3 volume of semen....various substancesto enhance sperm motility and enzymes that help to clot, then to liquefy, the semen |
| the bulbourethral glands are...sized glands which secrete...to neutralize... | pea...mucus into the urethra before ejaculation...traces of acidic urine and to lubricate the urethra for the passage of semen |
| the penis is the male organ of...and is considered as... | sexual intercourse....external genitalia, along with the scrotum |
| the penis delivers | sperm into the female reproductive system |
| the penis is divided into three regions | root, shaft, glans |
| the root of the penis is the ...portion that attaches the penis to the...within the... | fixed...rami of the ischia...urogenital triangle immediately inferior to the pubic symphasis |
| the shaft or body of the penis is the...portion that is comprised of | tubular, movable..masses of erectile tissue or corpora |
| the glans of the penis is the...portion that surrounds the | expanded distal...external urethral orifice |
| the glans is covered by a...called the... | fold of skin...prepuce or foreskin |
| the penis' main nerves and vessels lie..to the midline | dorsally |
| internally, the penis contains the...and 3 long... | spongy urethra...clyindrical bodies of erectile tissue |
| corpus spongiosum surrounds the... | spongy urethra |
| there are two paired dorsal corpora cavernosa located | lateral to the corpus spongiosum |
| corpora cavernosa diverge at their...formed the..of the penis, each of which is bound to the...via... | bases...cruca...ramus of the ischium...touch CT ligaments |
| each corpus cavernosum contains | a deep artery of the penis |
| engorgement of these bodies with blood causes | erection |
| semen release involves a | two step process |
| emission is the process in which | the sympathetic nervous system coordinates peristaltic contractions that mix the fluid components of the semen within the male reproductive tract |
| ejaculation is the process in which...begin in the...to... | powerful rhythmic contractions...ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles of the pelvic floor...stiffen the penis and push semen toward the external urethral orifice |
| the male perineum is a...shaped perineum that contains the... | diamond...scrotum, root of penis and the anus |
| the primary sex organs, also called..., for females are the | gonads...ovaries which produce the gametes and sex hormones |
| the female accessory ducts include the | uterine tube, uterus, vagina |
| the uterine tubues are where | fertilization occurs |
| the vagina acts as a | birth canal |
| the external genitalia of the female are referred to as the | vulva or pudendum |
| the vulva or pudendum include the | mons pubis, labia, clitoris, structures associated with the vestibule |
| the mammary glands are actually part of the...but are considered in this chapter because of their... | integummentary system...reproductive functions of nourishing the infant |
| the female reproductive system also | houses, nourishes, protects, and deilvers a developing baby |
| the femal repro system also undergoes a | menstrual cycle of about 28 days |
| the ovaries are...shaped that lie on the...and flank the... | almond...lateral walls of the pelvic cavity...uterus on each side and are suspended by various mesenteries and ligaments |
| the mesovarium is part of a....called the...which hangs like a tent from the... | fold of peritoneum...broad ligament...uterus and uterine tubes |
| the mesovarium is continuous as the | suspensory ligaments of the ovary and its continuation is the round ligament of the uterus |
| the ovarian ligament is a distinct...enclosed within the... | fibrous band...broad ligament, and anchors the ovary to the uterus medially |
| each ovary is divided into two regions | outer cortex and inner medulla |
| the outer cortex of the ovary is the regions that | houses the developing gametes, called oocytes, which occur within saclike multicellular structures called follicles |
| the follicles | enlarge substantially as they mature |
| the inner medulla of the ovary is the region comprised of | loost CT containing the main ovarian blood vessel, lymph vessels, and nerves |
| the ovaries of a newborn female contain many | thousands of primordial follicles, each of which consists of an oocyte surrounded by a layer of flat follicular cells |
| the ovarian cycle ahs three successive phases | follicular phase (days 1-14), ovulation (day 14) and luteal phase (days 15-28) |
| the follicular phase is when...follicles start maturing | 6-12 |
| generally, only one | follicle per month completes the maturation process |
| upon stimulation by...the oocyte is released from the | luteinizing hormone...ovary into the peritoneal cavity |
| ovulation involves a...followed by... | weakening and rupture of the follicle wall....violent muscular contraction of the external theca cells |
| the luteal phase is when the ruptured follicle remaining in the ovary becomes | a wavy corpus luteum that secrets progesterone and estrogens |
| progesteron acts on | mucosa of uterus, signaling it to prepare for implantaion of an embyro |
| if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum... | degenerates in about 2 weeks into a corpus albicans which remains in the ovary for several months and shrinks until it is finally phagocytosed by macrophages |
| oogenesis is the production of | the female gametes (ova) |
| oogenesis starts before | birth and takes decades to complete |
| the stem cells or...appear in the... | oogonia...ovarian follicles of the fetus during oogenesis |
| primary oocytes stay in...until...occurs years later | meiosis I...ovulation |
| each secondary oocyte then stays in..until a... | meiosis II...sperm penetrates it |
| the uterine tube is also called the | fallopian tube or oviducts |
| the uterine tubes receive | the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization |
| each uterine tube extends from an | ovary laterally to the uterus medially |
| the uterine tube has 3 reginos from lateral to medial including | infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus |
| the ciliated, finger-like projections called...extending from the...create... | fimbriae...infundibulum...currents that help draw an ovulated oocyte into the uterine tube |
| the wall of the uterine tube includes two layers | muscularis layer of smooth muscle and a folded inner mucosa with a simple columnar epithelium |
| both the smooth muscle and ciliated columnar epithelial cells help | propel the oocyte toward the uterus |
| the uterus is located in the | pelvic cavity anterior to the rectum and posterosuperior to the bladder |
| the hollow uterus, is shaped like an...and has four regions... | inverted pear...fundus, body, isthmus, cervix |
| the fundus of the uterus is the...region superior to the | rounded...entrance of the uterine tubes |
| the isthmus is...region inferior to the | slightly narrowed...body |
| the cervix is a...inferior to the...and projects into the | narrow neck...isthmus...vagina |
| cervical glands fill the | cervical canal with a bacteria-blocking mucus |
| the cervical canal communicates with the...via the... | vagina...external os and with the cavity of the uterine body superiorly with the internal os |
| the uterus is anchored to the...by the... | lateral pelvic walls...mesomentrium which is the largest division of the broad ligament |
| the uterus is supported by the | broad, lateral cervical, and round ligaments |
| most support for the uterus comes from the | muscles of the pelvic floor |
| the uterine wall consists of three basic layers from outer to inner | perimetrium, myometrium and endometrium |
| the perimetrium is the...which is the.. | outer serous membrane...peritoneum |
| the myometrium is a...layer consisting of | middle bulky...interlacing bundles of smooth muscle |
| the myometrium functions to | squeeeze the baby out during childbirth |
| the endometrium is an...that consits of | inner thick mucosa...simple columnar epithelium containing secretory and ciliated cells |
| the endometrium consists of two layers or...including the... | strata...stratum functionalis and stratum basalis |
| the stratum functionalis is the | inner layer closest to the uterine cavity |
| the stratum functionalis contains most of the | uterine glands and contributes most of the endometrial thickness |
| stratum functionalis undergoes | cyclic changes in response to varying levles of ovarian hormones and sloughs off each month |
| stratum basalis is the | outer layer that is adjacent to the myometrium |
| stratum basalis attaches the | endometrium to themyometrium |
| stratum basalis contains the and is not | terminal branches of the tubular glands...shed but it replenishes the stratum functionalis |
| branches of the uterine arteries form | arcuate arteries that encircle the endometrium |
| what supply the stratum basalis of the endometrium | straight arteries |
| radial arteries branch from the | arcuate arteries and supply the straight arteries and the spiral arteries |
| spiral arteries supply the | stratum funcionalis |
| the uterine cycle averages...in length but can range from...in normal individuals | 28 days...21-35 days |
| endometrial phases are closely | coordinated with the phases of the ovarian cycle |
| the uterine phases occur in response to | hormones associated with the regulation of the ovarian cycle |
| the menstrual phase of..is the onset of the...and is marked by the | menses...uterine cycle...destruction of the functional layer of the endometrium |
| the proliferative phase is when the | functional layer undergoes repair and thickens |
| proliferative phase: epithelial cells of the uterine glands | multiply and spread across the endometrial surface, restoring the integrity of the uterine epithelium |
| the end result of proliferative phase is | complete restoration of the functional layer |
| the secretory phase of the menstral cycle is when the...enlarge and incrase their... | endometrial glands...rates of secretion |
| during secretory phase the arteries... | elongate and spiral through the tissues of the funcitonal layer |
| the menstrual and proliferative phases are a | shedding and then a rebuilding of the endometrium in the two weeks before ovulation |
| the third phase prepares | endometrium to recethe vaive an embryo in the two tweeks after ovluation |
| menarche | first uterine cycle at puberty whic typically occurs at age 11-12 |
| menopause | last uterine cycle which typically occurs at age 45-55 |
| the vagina is a highly | distensable muscular tube that runs from the cervic of the uterus to the body exterior at the vestibule |
| primary blood supply to the vagina | vaginal branches of the internal iliac arteries and veins |
| vagina lies inferior to the...anterior and parallel to the...and posterior to the... | uterus...rectum...urethra and bladder |
| the vagina acts as the | lower portion of the birth canal |
| the vagina serves as a | passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids |
| vaginal wall consists of the | outer adventitia, middle muscularis and inner mucosa |
| adventitia is made of | fibrous CT |
| exception to the adventitia | serosa that is continuous with the pelvic peritoneum covers the portion of the vagina to the uterus |
| middle muscularis layer are layers of | smooth muscle fibers arranged in circular and longitudinal bundles that are continuous with the uterine myometrium |
| the inner mucusoa consits of an | elastic lamina propia and a stratified squamous epithelium |
| in the relaxed state, the mucosa layer is thrown into | folds called rugae |
| the vaginal lumen is | acidic |
| the vaginal lining contains a | normal population of resident bacteria which are supported by the nutrients found in the cervical mucus |
| the acidic environment of the vagina is due to the | metabolic activity of the bacteria |
| the acidity of the vagina restricts | growht of many pathogenic organisms and inhibits sperm motility |
| ...are important for successful fertilization | buffers in seminal fluid |
| near the vaginal orific, the inner layer of mucosa elaborates to form an | incomplete diaphragm called the hymen which seperates the vagina from the vestibule |
| the hymen is | vascular and tends to bleed when ruptured during the first sexual intercourse |
| vaginal fornix is a ...recess around the tip of the | shallow ringlike...cervix in the superior vagina |
| cervical protrusion is an area where | the cervix projects into the vaginal canal at the proximal end of the vagin |
| the female external genitalia include the following | mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestuble, glands associated with the vestibule, perineum, mammary glands |
| mons pubis | fatty, rounded pad overlying the pubic symphysis |
| labia majora is homologues of the...and derived from same | scrotum...embyronic structure |
| labia majora are two... | long, hair covered fatty skinfolds extending posteriorly from the mons pubis |
| labia minora are two | thin hairless folds of skin enclosed by the labia majora |
| clitoris is located | anterior to the urethral opening and projects into the vestibule |
| the clitoris is a protruding structure composed | largely of erectile tissue that is homologous with the corpora cavernosai n males |
| clitoris is hooded by a | fold of skin, the prepuce, which arises from extensions of the labia minora that encircle the body of the clitoris |
| glans | small erectile tissue area that sits atop the clitoris |
| body of the clitoris contains | paired corpora cavernosa |
| during sexual stimulation, the homologous bulbs of the vestibule or...engorge with... | vestibular bulbs...blood |
| the vestibular bulbs are | homologous to the corproa spnogiosum |
| the vestibular bulbs lie along each side of the | vaginal orifice and directly deep to the bulbospongious muscle |
| vestuble is enclosed by | labia minora |
| vestibule houses the | vaginal orifice and the urethral orifice |
| the mucus secreting...and the...of the vestuble lie just deep to the labia | greater vestibular glands....bulbs of the vestibule |
| glands associated with the vestibule include the | paraurethral glands, lesser vestibular glands and the greater vestibular glands |
| paraurethral glands discharge | lubricating fluid into the urethra near the external urethral orifice |
| lesser vestibular glands; a variable number of these glands discharge their | secretions onto the exposed surface of the vestibule to keep it moistened |
| during arousal, the greater vestibular glands discharge their secretions via a..into the... | pair of ducts...vestibule near the posterolateral margins of the vaginal entrance |
| the greater vestibular glands are...glands that resemble the... | mucous...bulbourethral glands in the male repro system |
| femal perineum is...shaped region between the... | diamond...pubic arch anteriorly, the coccyx posteriorly and the ischial tuberosities laterally |
| the central tendon of the perineum lies just | posterior to the vaginal orifice and the fourchette where the right and left labia minora come together to form a ridge |
| the mammary glands develope from the | skin of the embyronic milk lines |
| the mammary glands lie in the | subcutaneous layer beneath the skin of the chest |
| the mammary glands function as the site of | lactation |
| internally, each breast consits of | 15-25 lobes that secrete milk |
| the lobes are subdivided into...and are separated by | lobules and alveoli...adipose tissue and by supportive suspensory ligaments |
| the secretory lobules consist of | lactiferous duct, lactiferous sinus |
| lactiferous duct convergence of ducts leaving the | lobule |
| breast cancer usually arise from the | lactiferous duct system |
| lactiferous sinus is the expanision of ducts | leaving the lobules near the nipple |
| lactiferous sinus are ducts of underlying | mammary glands that open onto the body surface as the nippel |
| what supply the breasts | internal thoracic artery |
| the full glandular structure of the breast does not | develop until the second half of pregnancy under the influence of hormones |
| prolactin is secreted from the | anterior pituitary |
| growth hormone is from the | anterior pituitary |
| the human placental lactogen is from the | placenta |
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