AP World History Chapter 33-36
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| Third World | Also known as developing nations, nations outside the capitalist industrial nations of the first world and the industrialized communist nations of the second world; generally less politically powerful, but varied with economies.
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| PRI | Party of the industrialized revolution; dominant political party in Mexico; developed during the 1920s and 1930s; incorporated labor, peasant, military, and middle-class sectors; controlled other political organizations in Mexico.
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| Zapatistas | Guerrilla movement named in honor of Emiliano Zapata; originated in 1994 in Mexico's southern state of Chiapas; government responded with a combination of repression and negotiation.
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| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement; a trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico that encouraged free trade.
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| Juan Arevalo | Elected president of Guatemala in 1944; began series of socialist reforms including land reform; nationalist program directed against foreign-owned companies such as the united states fruit company.
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| United Fruit Company | Most important foreign economic concern in Guatemala during the 20th century; attempted land reform aimed at united fruit caused U.S. intervention in Guatemalan politics leading to ouster of reform government in 1954.
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| Fulgencio Batista | Dictator of Cuba from 1934-1944; returned to presidency in 1952; ousted from government by a revolution led by Fidel Castro (1958)
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| Fidel Castro | Cuban revolutionary; overthrew dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1958; initiated a series of socialist reforms; came to depend almost exclusively on the Soviet Union.
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| Liberation Theology | Combined Catholic theology and socialist principles in effort to bring about improved conditions for the poor in Latin America in the 20th century.
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| Salvador Allende | President of Chile; nationalized industry and banks; sponsored peasant and worker expropriations of lands and foreign-owned factories; overthrown in 1973 by revolt of the Chilean army with U.S. support.
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| Sandanista Party | Nicaraguan socialist movement named after Augusto Sandino; successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua during the 1980s.
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| Augusto Sandino | Led a guerilla resistance movement against U.S. occupation forcer in Nicaragua; assassinated by Nicaraguan National Guard in 1934; became hero and symbol of resistance to U.S. influence in Central America.
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| Banana Republics | Term given to governments supported or created by the United States in Central America; believed to be corrupt.
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| Good Neighbor Policy | Established by Franklin D. Roosevelt for dealing with Latin America in 1933; intended to halt direct intervention in Latin American politics.
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| Alliance for Progress | Began in 1961 by the United States to develop Latin America as an alternative to radical political solutions; enjoyed only limited success; failure of development programs led to renewal of direct intervention.
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| Favelas | A Brazilian shanty town; a slum.
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| Magical Realism | Describes the genre of Latin American literature during the 1960's, in which magical themes were combined with realistic subject matter.
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| Bangladesh | Founded as an independent nation in 1972; Formerly East Pakistan.
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| Baharatya Janata | one of the two major political parties in India, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it is India's second largest political party in terms of representation in the parliament and in the various state assemblies.
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| Saddam Hussein | The fifth president of Iraq
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| Indira Ghandi | Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Ghandi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the congress party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in Indian politics.
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| Corazon Aquino | First president of the Phillipines in the post-Marcos era of the late 1980s; Aquino whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement the toppled the dictator.
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| Benazir Bhutto | Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; 1st ran for office to avenge her father's execution by the military clique then in power.
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| Neocolonialism | Industrialized nations continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintian economic colonialism without political colonialism.
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| Kwame Nkrumah | Inspired by Pan-Africanism, he began to strike and boycott to battle the British and helped the Gold Coast gain its independence. He became the Prime Minister of Ghana.
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| Gamal Abdul Nasser | Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal zone in 1956.
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| Muslim Brotherhood | Egyptian Nationalist Movement founded by Hasan al-Banna; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government.
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| Anwar Sadat | Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasseras ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by western nations.
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| Jawaharlal Nehru | One of Ghandi's disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy.
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| Ayatollah Khomeini | Religious leader of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate western influences and establish purely Islamic government.
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| Apartheid | Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically.
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| Homelands | Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken.
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| African National Congress | Black political organization within South Africa; pressed to end policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until 1900s declared illegal in South Africa.
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| F.W. de Klerk | White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, he successfully dismantled the apartheid system.
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| Nelson Mandela | Long imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with ANC leaders and de Klerk supporters to dismantle apartheid system; 1st black prime minister of South africa.
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| Korean War | 1950-1953; North supported USSR and later people's republic of China; South supported United States and small international United Nations force; ended in stalemate and continued division of Korea.
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| Taiwan | Island off Chinese mainland; became refuge for Nationalist Chinese Regime under Chiang Kai-Shek as republic of China in 1948; successfully retained independence with aid of U.S.; rapidly industrialized after 1950s.
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| Hong Kong | British colony on Chinese mainland; major commercial center; agreement reached between Britain and People's Republic of China; returned colony to China in 1997.
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| Great Leap Forward | Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed industrialization of small-scale projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster; ended in 1960.
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| The Pragmatists | Chinese communist politicians such as Zhou Enlai, Reng Xiapong, and Liushaoqui; determined to restore state direction and market incentives at local level; opposed Great Leap Forward.
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| The Cultural Revolution | Movement initiated in 1965 by Mao Zedong to restore his dominance over Pragamists; used mobs to ridicule Mao's political rivals; campaign was called off in 1968.
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| Red Guard | Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the cultural revolution to discredit Mao's political enemies.
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| Gang of Four | Jiang Quing and four political allies who attempted to seize control of communist government in China from Pragmatists; arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1976 following Mao Zedong's death.
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| Tayson Rebellion | Peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the late 1770s; Trinh dynasty of Northern Vietnam.
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| Ho Chi Minh | Known as Nguyen Ai Quoc; led Vietnamese Communist party in struggle for liberation from French and U.S. dominance and to unify North and South Vietnam
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| Viet Minh | Communist dominated Vietnamese nationalist movement; operated out of base in southern China during World War II; employed guerilla tactics similar to the Maoists in China.
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| Ngo Dinh Diem | Political leader of South Vietnam; established as president with United States support in the 1950s; opposed communist government of North Vietnam; overthrown by military coup supported by the United States.
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| Viet Cong | Name given by Diem regime to communist guerilla movement in National Liberation Front in 1953.
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| Globalization | The increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world, particularly in communiction and commerce but also in culture and politics.
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| Multinational Corporation | Powerful companies, mainly from the west or pacific rim, with productionn as well as distribution operations in many different countries; surged in decades after World War II.
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