The Respiratory System
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| the respiratory system provides an area for...between... | gas exchange...air and circulating blood
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| the resp system supplies the...and disposes... | body with oxygen...co2
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| resp system circulates the | air between exchange surfaces
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| resp system protects | respiratory surfaces
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| resp system provides | protection against pathogens
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| resp system helps to | regulate blood volume, blood pressure, and body fluid pH
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| pulmonary ventilation is when air is | movedin and out of the lungs
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| external respiration is...between the... | gas exchange...blood in the capillaries and the air at the lung alveoli
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| transport of respiratory gases;...transported between the...via..using... | o2 and co2...lungs and the cells of the body...cardiovascular system...blood as the transport vehicle
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| internal respiration;...between the...at... | gases exchanged...systemic blood and the tissue cells...systemic capillaries
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| both the respiratory and cardiovascular system are | irreversibly linked and involved in respiratory functioning
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| conducting zone goes from the...to the..and contain... | nose...terminal bronchioles...fairly rigid conduits that carry air to the sites of gas exchange
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| conducting zones function to | filter, moisten, and warm incoming air
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| respiratory zone goes from the...to the...and is the actual site of... | respiratory bronchioles...alveoli...gas exchange in the lungs
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| structures of the respiratory zone include the | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs consisting of groups of alveoli
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| the nose is the only | externally visible part of the respiratory system
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| external nose is composed of | bones and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage
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| the nasal cavity is from the ...to the...or.. | external nares..internal nares...choanae
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| the nasal cavity is divided into | right and left halves by the nasal septum
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| anterior portion of the nasal septum is formed of | hyaline cartilage
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| bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the | fusion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the plate of the vomer
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| posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the | nasopharynx through the choanae
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| the bony boundaries of the nasal cavity are formed by the | maxillae, nasal and frontal bones, ethmoid and sphenoid bones, and by the hard and soft palates
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| nasal vestibule is the entryway of the | nose which is protected by hairs that screen out large particles
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| olfactory mucosa lines area | near the roof of the nasal cavity
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| respiratory mucosa lines the | vast majory of the nasal cavity
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| the respiratory mucosa is comprised of | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with scattered goblet cells and an underlying lamina propria
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| the respiratory mucosa is richly supplied with | sensory nerve endings, rich plexuses of capillaries and thin-walled veins in the lamina propria which warm incoming air
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| sneeze reflex occurs when | irritants contact the mucosa
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| nasal conchae are also called | turbinate bones
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| nasal conchae consist of | three mucosa-covered, scroll-like structures projecting medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity
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| 3 mucosa covered structures in the nasal conchae | superior, middle, inferior conchae
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| supieror and middle and inferior meatus are...inferior to each...appropriately named according to their | narrow groove...concha...location
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| conchae and meatuses increase | air turbulence
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| conchae and meatuses together with the nasal mucosa... | filter, moisten, and warm air during inhalation
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| conchae and meatuses reclaim the | heat and moisture during exhalation
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| hard palate forms the...and separates the... | bony floor of the nasal cavity formed by the maxillary and palatine bones...oral and nasal cavities
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| soft palate forms the...markig the boundary between the... | fleshy floor of the nasal cavity...superior nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynx
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| the paranasal sinuses are rings of...surrounding the... | air-filled cavities...nasal cavity
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| the paranasal sinuses are located in the...and are named according to their | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones...location
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| paranasal sinuses act as | resonance chambers in speech
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| paranasal sinuses are lined by the | same nasal mucosa and perform the same air-processing functions
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| the pharynx is a..shaped passageway that connects the... | funnel...nasal cavity and the mouth superiorly to the larynx and inferiorly to the esophagus
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| the pharynx serves as | common passageway for both food and air
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| the pharynx consits of | skeletal muscle throughout its length but the nature of the mucosa lining it varies
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| the pharynx, within the mucosa are...which... | tonsils...destroy pathogens
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| 3 pharyngeal regions (superior to inferior) | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
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| nasopharynx has...lining | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial
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| nasopharynx is located directly | posterior to the nasal cavity's choanae
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| the nasopharynx is an...only | air passageway
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| oropharynx has a...lining due to... | thick, protective stratified squamous epithelial..increased friction and chemical trauma from food and air
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| oropharynx is located | posterior to the oral cavity
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| oropharynx has fauces which are | arch-like entranceway directly behind the mouth
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| oropharynx is a passageway for | food and air
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| laryngopharynx has a ... lining | stratified squamous epithelial
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| laryngopharynx is located | directly posterior to the epiglottis and larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx
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| laryngopharynx is a common passageway for | food and air
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| the larynx is the | voice box
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| the larynx is superiorly attached to the...and opens into the...; inferiorly the larynx is... | hyoid bone...laryngopharynx...continuous with the trachea
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| larynx does...production | voice
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| the larynx provides an | open airway
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| the larynx acts as a | switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels
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| the larynx has...connected by... | nine laryngeal cartilages...membranes and ligaments
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| all of the structures of the larynx are composed of...except the... | hyaline cartilage...epiglottis
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| the thyroid cartilage is shaped like an... | upright open book or a shield
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| the thyroid cart. is the...cartilage | largest laryngeal
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| the thyroid cart forms most of the | anterior and lateral walls of the larynx
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| in males, the laryngeal prominence is a... | thick ridge on the anterior surface of the thryoid cartilage (adam's apple)
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| cricoid cart is...shaped cartilage that forms a | signet-ring...complete ring of cartilage with greatly expanded posterior portions
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| the cricoid cart is located | inferior to the thyroid cart. and perched ontop of the trachea
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| the cricoid cart, along with the thyroid cart... | protects the glottis and the entrance to the trachea
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| the cricoid and thyroid cartilage have broad surfaces that provide sites for the | attachment of important laryngeal muscles and ligaments
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| arytenoid cartilages (2) are...shaped cartilages that ...and articulate with the... | ladle...anchor the vocal cords...supierior border of the enlarged portion of the cricoid cart.
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| corniculate cartilages (2) are...shaped cartilages that articulate with the...with which they play a role in the... | horn...arytenoid cartilages...opening and closing of the glottis and the production of sound
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| cuneiform cartilages (2) are...shaped cartilages that lie within the...that extends between the... | wedge...aryepiglottic fold...lateral aspect of each arytenoids cartilage and epiglottis
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| epiglottis is..shaped laryngeal cartilage | shoehorn
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| epiglottis is comprised of | elastic cartilage
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| epiglottis is almost entirely covered by | mucosa
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| the epiglottis projects | superior to the glottis
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| the glottis is the | narrow opening through which inspired, or inhaled, air leaves the pharynx to get the larynx
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| the epiglottis tips | inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
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| the epiglottis functions in the...in which substances are... | cough reflex...expelled
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| the trachea descends from the...through the..and into the.. | larynx...neck...mediastinum
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| the trachea ends by branching into the... | two main bronchi, the right main bronchus, and the left main bronchus in the mid-thorax
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| the tracheal wall contains...of...joined to... | 16-20 c shaped rings...hyaline cartilage...one another by intervening membranes of fibroelastic CT called annular ligaments
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| the tracheal cartilages stiffen the...and protect the... | tracheal walls...airway
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| the tracheal wall provides | flexibility but also prevents trachea from collapsing or overexpanding as pressures change in the respiratory system
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| the tracheal wall keeps the | airway open despite pressure changes during breathing
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| the tracheal wall layers include the | mucous membrane, submucosa, adventitia
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| mucous membrane has | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and the lamina propria
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| the submucosa is another layer of | ct containing seromucous glands
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| adventitia is...containg the... | CT...tracheal cartilage
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| trachealis muscle has...along with.. | smooth muscle fibers...soft CT in open posterior region
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| the trachealis muscle functions in | decreasing the diameter of the trachea
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| carina is the...on...at the point where.. | ridge...internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage...trachea branches into main bronchi
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| the ...is often initiated in the carina | cough reflex
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| the bronchi and their subdivisions form the | bronchial tree
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| the bronchial tree is a | system of respiratory passageways that branch extensively within the lungs
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| the r and l main bronchi are the | largest conduits in the bronchial tree
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| the r and l main bronchi supply the...and divide into... | lungs ...lobar bronchi
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| the lobar bronchi supply the..and divide into... | lungs...segmental bronchi
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| the segmental bronchi supply the...and through many orders of branching divide into... | bronchopulmonary segments...bronchioles/terminal bronchioles
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| the bronchioles/terminal bronchioles lead into the | respiratory zone
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| the respiratory zone consists of structures in decreasing size... | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
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| tissue composition of the wall of each main bronchus mimics that of the...changes occur as the.. | trachea...conducting tubes decrease in diamete
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| cartilage changes | cartilage ringes are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage as the main bronchi enter the lungs
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| cartilage is absent in... | bronchioles but elastin is present
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| epithelium changes | mucosal epithelial lining things as it changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar to simple cuoidal in the smallest bronchioles, where cilia or mucus producing cells are absent
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| smooth muscle becomes important: complete layer of...appears in walls of... | smooth muscle first...large bronchi and is present throughout the smaller bronchi and bronchioles
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| alveoli are | microscopic air exchange chambers of the lungs
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| alveoli are surrounded by a...and... | delicate network of pulmonary capillaries...fine elastic fibers
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| type I cells: single layer of...which lines the walls of...and are surrounded by... | squamous epithelial cells...alveoli...delicate basal lamina
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| type II cells:...cells which secrete...and contains... | cuboidal epithelial...a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces...surfactant
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| surfactant is...-like and prevents... | detergent...alveolar walls from sticking together during exhalation
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| alveolar macrophages or...cells exist in the...and remove the... | dust...air space of alveoli...the tiniest inhaled particles that are not trapped by the nasal mucosa
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| the pleurae are...sacs around each...whose walls consist of... | double-layerd flattened...lung...serous membranes
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| parietal pleura is the...layer that covers... | outer...internal surface of thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, and lateral surfaces of mediastinum
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| visceral pleura is the...layer that covers... | inner...external surface of the lung
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| pleural cavity is...filled with...which decreases... | potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura...pleural fluid...friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall during breathing
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| the r and l lungs and their pleural sacs are..and each lung is roughly... | paired...cone shaped
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| the lungs consist mainly of...and the balance of its tissue, called...which is a... | air tubes and spaces...stroma...framework of CT containing many elastic fibers
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| the lungs are... | light, soft, spongy, elastic organs
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| the anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces of the lung contact the | ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface
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| apex of the lungs is | rounded and the superior tip
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| base of the lungs is | concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm
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| hilus is the...on the..through which... | indentation...medial surface of each lung...blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung
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| left lung is somewhat | smaller
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| the left lung contains the | cardiac notch
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| the left lung is divided into...by the... | 2 lobes (upper and lower)...oblique fissure
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| right lung is divided into...by the... | 3 lobes (upper, middle, and lower)...oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure
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| each lung lobe is further subdivided into | 10 bronchopulmonary segments which are seperated by thin partitions of dense CT
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| the segments limit the | spread of some diseases within the lung
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| pulmonary arteries deliver... | o2 poor blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
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| pulmonary capillary network surrounds the | alveoli
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| pulmonary veins carry | oxygenated blood from alveoli of the lungs to the heart
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| sympathetic nerve fibers | dilate the air tubes
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| parasympathetic nerve fibers | constrict air tubes
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| visceral sensory fibers and the other nerve fibers enter each...through the... | lung...pulmonary plexus on the root of the lung
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| the mechanism of breathing, or...consist of... | pulmonary ventilation...2 phases,(inspiration and expiration)
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| inspiration is the period when..causing...within the... | air flows into the lungs...increased volume and decreased pressure...thoracic cavity via the inspiratory muscles, diaphragm, and intercostals
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| action of the diaphragm | contraction causes it to move inferiorly and to flatten, which results in increased vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity
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| the intercostals...to cause the ribs to...which results in... | contract...raise...increased right to left dimension of the thoracic cavity
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| expiration is the period when | gases exit the lungs
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| expiration is mainly a...in which the... | passive process..inspiratory muscles relax
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| expiration causes | decreased volumes of the thorax and lungs simultaneously
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| main respiratory center is located | in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata (RVLM)
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| the rostal ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is considered as.. | pacemaker whoe neurons generate the basic ventilatory rhythm and rate
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| basic pattern can be modified by | higher centers of the central nervous system
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| the limbic system and the hypothalamus confer | emotional influence
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| the cerebral cortex mediates | conscious control
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| the basic pattern is also modified by | chemoreceptors, which sense the chemistry of blood
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