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HA Ch. 22 (24)
The Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the respiratory system provides an area for...between... | gas exchange...air and circulating blood |
| the resp system supplies the...and disposes... | body with oxygen...co2 |
| resp system circulates the | air between exchange surfaces |
| resp system protects | respiratory surfaces |
| resp system provides | protection against pathogens |
| resp system helps to | regulate blood volume, blood pressure, and body fluid pH |
| pulmonary ventilation is when air is | movedin and out of the lungs |
| external respiration is...between the... | gas exchange...blood in the capillaries and the air at the lung alveoli |
| transport of respiratory gases;...transported between the...via..using... | o2 and co2...lungs and the cells of the body...cardiovascular system...blood as the transport vehicle |
| internal respiration;...between the...at... | gases exchanged...systemic blood and the tissue cells...systemic capillaries |
| both the respiratory and cardiovascular system are | irreversibly linked and involved in respiratory functioning |
| conducting zone goes from the...to the..and contain... | nose...terminal bronchioles...fairly rigid conduits that carry air to the sites of gas exchange |
| conducting zones function to | filter, moisten, and warm incoming air |
| respiratory zone goes from the...to the...and is the actual site of... | respiratory bronchioles...alveoli...gas exchange in the lungs |
| structures of the respiratory zone include the | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs consisting of groups of alveoli |
| the nose is the only | externally visible part of the respiratory system |
| external nose is composed of | bones and flexible plates of hyaline cartilage |
| the nasal cavity is from the ...to the...or.. | external nares..internal nares...choanae |
| the nasal cavity is divided into | right and left halves by the nasal septum |
| anterior portion of the nasal septum is formed of | hyaline cartilage |
| bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the | fusion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and the plate of the vomer |
| posteriorly the nasal cavity is continuous with the | nasopharynx through the choanae |
| the bony boundaries of the nasal cavity are formed by the | maxillae, nasal and frontal bones, ethmoid and sphenoid bones, and by the hard and soft palates |
| nasal vestibule is the entryway of the | nose which is protected by hairs that screen out large particles |
| olfactory mucosa lines area | near the roof of the nasal cavity |
| respiratory mucosa lines the | vast majory of the nasal cavity |
| the respiratory mucosa is comprised of | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with scattered goblet cells and an underlying lamina propria |
| the respiratory mucosa is richly supplied with | sensory nerve endings, rich plexuses of capillaries and thin-walled veins in the lamina propria which warm incoming air |
| sneeze reflex occurs when | irritants contact the mucosa |
| nasal conchae are also called | turbinate bones |
| nasal conchae consist of | three mucosa-covered, scroll-like structures projecting medially from each lateral wall of the nasal cavity |
| 3 mucosa covered structures in the nasal conchae | superior, middle, inferior conchae |
| supieror and middle and inferior meatus are...inferior to each...appropriately named according to their | narrow groove...concha...location |
| conchae and meatuses increase | air turbulence |
| conchae and meatuses together with the nasal mucosa... | filter, moisten, and warm air during inhalation |
| conchae and meatuses reclaim the | heat and moisture during exhalation |
| hard palate forms the...and separates the... | bony floor of the nasal cavity formed by the maxillary and palatine bones...oral and nasal cavities |
| soft palate forms the...markig the boundary between the... | fleshy floor of the nasal cavity...superior nasopharynx and the rest of the pharynx |
| the paranasal sinuses are rings of...surrounding the... | air-filled cavities...nasal cavity |
| the paranasal sinuses are located in the...and are named according to their | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones...location |
| paranasal sinuses act as | resonance chambers in speech |
| paranasal sinuses are lined by the | same nasal mucosa and perform the same air-processing functions |
| the pharynx is a..shaped passageway that connects the... | funnel...nasal cavity and the mouth superiorly to the larynx and inferiorly to the esophagus |
| the pharynx serves as | common passageway for both food and air |
| the pharynx consits of | skeletal muscle throughout its length but the nature of the mucosa lining it varies |
| the pharynx, within the mucosa are...which... | tonsils...destroy pathogens |
| 3 pharyngeal regions (superior to inferior) | nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx |
| nasopharynx has...lining | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial |
| nasopharynx is located directly | posterior to the nasal cavity's choanae |
| the nasopharynx is an...only | air passageway |
| oropharynx has a...lining due to... | thick, protective stratified squamous epithelial..increased friction and chemical trauma from food and air |
| oropharynx is located | posterior to the oral cavity |
| oropharynx has fauces which are | arch-like entranceway directly behind the mouth |
| oropharynx is a passageway for | food and air |
| laryngopharynx has a ... lining | stratified squamous epithelial |
| laryngopharynx is located | directly posterior to the epiglottis and larynx and is continuous with both the esophagus and the larynx |
| laryngopharynx is a common passageway for | food and air |
| the larynx is the | voice box |
| the larynx is superiorly attached to the...and opens into the...; inferiorly the larynx is... | hyoid bone...laryngopharynx...continuous with the trachea |
| larynx does...production | voice |
| the larynx provides an | open airway |
| the larynx acts as a | switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels |
| the larynx has...connected by... | nine laryngeal cartilages...membranes and ligaments |
| all of the structures of the larynx are composed of...except the... | hyaline cartilage...epiglottis |
| the thyroid cartilage is shaped like an... | upright open book or a shield |
| the thyroid cart. is the...cartilage | largest laryngeal |
| the thyroid cart forms most of the | anterior and lateral walls of the larynx |
| in males, the laryngeal prominence is a... | thick ridge on the anterior surface of the thryoid cartilage (adam's apple) |
| cricoid cart is...shaped cartilage that forms a | signet-ring...complete ring of cartilage with greatly expanded posterior portions |
| the cricoid cart is located | inferior to the thyroid cart. and perched ontop of the trachea |
| the cricoid cart, along with the thyroid cart... | protects the glottis and the entrance to the trachea |
| the cricoid and thyroid cartilage have broad surfaces that provide sites for the | attachment of important laryngeal muscles and ligaments |
| arytenoid cartilages (2) are...shaped cartilages that ...and articulate with the... | ladle...anchor the vocal cords...supierior border of the enlarged portion of the cricoid cart. |
| corniculate cartilages (2) are...shaped cartilages that articulate with the...with which they play a role in the... | horn...arytenoid cartilages...opening and closing of the glottis and the production of sound |
| cuneiform cartilages (2) are...shaped cartilages that lie within the...that extends between the... | wedge...aryepiglottic fold...lateral aspect of each arytenoids cartilage and epiglottis |
| epiglottis is..shaped laryngeal cartilage | shoehorn |
| epiglottis is comprised of | elastic cartilage |
| epiglottis is almost entirely covered by | mucosa |
| the epiglottis projects | superior to the glottis |
| the glottis is the | narrow opening through which inspired, or inhaled, air leaves the pharynx to get the larynx |
| the epiglottis tips | inferiorly to cover and seal the laryngeal inlet during swallowing |
| the epiglottis functions in the...in which substances are... | cough reflex...expelled |
| the trachea descends from the...through the..and into the.. | larynx...neck...mediastinum |
| the trachea ends by branching into the... | two main bronchi, the right main bronchus, and the left main bronchus in the mid-thorax |
| the tracheal wall contains...of...joined to... | 16-20 c shaped rings...hyaline cartilage...one another by intervening membranes of fibroelastic CT called annular ligaments |
| the tracheal cartilages stiffen the...and protect the... | tracheal walls...airway |
| the tracheal wall provides | flexibility but also prevents trachea from collapsing or overexpanding as pressures change in the respiratory system |
| the tracheal wall keeps the | airway open despite pressure changes during breathing |
| the tracheal wall layers include the | mucous membrane, submucosa, adventitia |
| mucous membrane has | ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and the lamina propria |
| the submucosa is another layer of | ct containing seromucous glands |
| adventitia is...containg the... | CT...tracheal cartilage |
| trachealis muscle has...along with.. | smooth muscle fibers...soft CT in open posterior region |
| the trachealis muscle functions in | decreasing the diameter of the trachea |
| carina is the...on...at the point where.. | ridge...internal aspect of the last tracheal cartilage...trachea branches into main bronchi |
| the ...is often initiated in the carina | cough reflex |
| the bronchi and their subdivisions form the | bronchial tree |
| the bronchial tree is a | system of respiratory passageways that branch extensively within the lungs |
| the r and l main bronchi are the | largest conduits in the bronchial tree |
| the r and l main bronchi supply the...and divide into... | lungs ...lobar bronchi |
| the lobar bronchi supply the..and divide into... | lungs...segmental bronchi |
| the segmental bronchi supply the...and through many orders of branching divide into... | bronchopulmonary segments...bronchioles/terminal bronchioles |
| the bronchioles/terminal bronchioles lead into the | respiratory zone |
| the respiratory zone consists of structures in decreasing size... | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli |
| tissue composition of the wall of each main bronchus mimics that of the...changes occur as the.. | trachea...conducting tubes decrease in diamete |
| cartilage changes | cartilage ringes are replaced by irregular plates of cartilage as the main bronchi enter the lungs |
| cartilage is absent in... | bronchioles but elastin is present |
| epithelium changes | mucosal epithelial lining things as it changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar to simple cuoidal in the smallest bronchioles, where cilia or mucus producing cells are absent |
| smooth muscle becomes important: complete layer of...appears in walls of... | smooth muscle first...large bronchi and is present throughout the smaller bronchi and bronchioles |
| alveoli are | microscopic air exchange chambers of the lungs |
| alveoli are surrounded by a...and... | delicate network of pulmonary capillaries...fine elastic fibers |
| type I cells: single layer of...which lines the walls of...and are surrounded by... | squamous epithelial cells...alveoli...delicate basal lamina |
| type II cells:...cells which secrete...and contains... | cuboidal epithelial...a fluid that coats the internal alveolar surfaces...surfactant |
| surfactant is...-like and prevents... | detergent...alveolar walls from sticking together during exhalation |
| alveolar macrophages or...cells exist in the...and remove the... | dust...air space of alveoli...the tiniest inhaled particles that are not trapped by the nasal mucosa |
| the pleurae are...sacs around each...whose walls consist of... | double-layerd flattened...lung...serous membranes |
| parietal pleura is the...layer that covers... | outer...internal surface of thoracic wall, superior surface of diaphragm, and lateral surfaces of mediastinum |
| visceral pleura is the...layer that covers... | inner...external surface of the lung |
| pleural cavity is...filled with...which decreases... | potential space between the parietal and visceral pleura...pleural fluid...friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall during breathing |
| the r and l lungs and their pleural sacs are..and each lung is roughly... | paired...cone shaped |
| the lungs consist mainly of...and the balance of its tissue, called...which is a... | air tubes and spaces...stroma...framework of CT containing many elastic fibers |
| the lungs are... | light, soft, spongy, elastic organs |
| the anterior, lateral, and posterior surfaces of the lung contact the | ribs and form a continuously curving costal surface |
| apex of the lungs is | rounded and the superior tip |
| base of the lungs is | concave inferior surface that rests on the diaphragm |
| hilus is the...on the..through which... | indentation...medial surface of each lung...blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels and nerves enter and exit the lung |
| left lung is somewhat | smaller |
| the left lung contains the | cardiac notch |
| the left lung is divided into...by the... | 2 lobes (upper and lower)...oblique fissure |
| right lung is divided into...by the... | 3 lobes (upper, middle, and lower)...oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure |
| each lung lobe is further subdivided into | 10 bronchopulmonary segments which are seperated by thin partitions of dense CT |
| the segments limit the | spread of some diseases within the lung |
| pulmonary arteries deliver... | o2 poor blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation |
| pulmonary capillary network surrounds the | alveoli |
| pulmonary veins carry | oxygenated blood from alveoli of the lungs to the heart |
| sympathetic nerve fibers | dilate the air tubes |
| parasympathetic nerve fibers | constrict air tubes |
| visceral sensory fibers and the other nerve fibers enter each...through the... | lung...pulmonary plexus on the root of the lung |
| the mechanism of breathing, or...consist of... | pulmonary ventilation...2 phases,(inspiration and expiration) |
| inspiration is the period when..causing...within the... | air flows into the lungs...increased volume and decreased pressure...thoracic cavity via the inspiratory muscles, diaphragm, and intercostals |
| action of the diaphragm | contraction causes it to move inferiorly and to flatten, which results in increased vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity |
| the intercostals...to cause the ribs to...which results in... | contract...raise...increased right to left dimension of the thoracic cavity |
| expiration is the period when | gases exit the lungs |
| expiration is mainly a...in which the... | passive process..inspiratory muscles relax |
| expiration causes | decreased volumes of the thorax and lungs simultaneously |
| main respiratory center is located | in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata (RVLM) |
| the rostal ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) is considered as.. | pacemaker whoe neurons generate the basic ventilatory rhythm and rate |
| basic pattern can be modified by | higher centers of the central nervous system |
| the limbic system and the hypothalamus confer | emotional influence |
| the cerebral cortex mediates | conscious control |
| the basic pattern is also modified by | chemoreceptors, which sense the chemistry of blood |
Created by:
handrzej
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