Endocrine system
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| Endocrine system function | Regulates the metabolic functions of cells
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| Differences between endocrine system and nervous system | Endocrine use hormones, the circulatory system for transport, response has a lag period and it has a prolonged effect. The neversou system used electrical signals, nerves for transport, fast response and shorter effect
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| Hormone functions | controls metabolism, stimulates or inhibits growth, control what goes in and out of cell, and cell division
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| Two types of hormones | Steroid; lipid soluble; able to enter cell. and amino acid bases; binds to receptor on plasma membrane
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| 3 Types of hormone release | humoral, neural and hormonal
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| Pituitary Gland | sits in the sella turcia. releases had two lobes; anterior and posterior
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| Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe) | receives, stores and releases neurohormones from the hypothalamus (does not produce its own hormones)
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| Neurohormones produces in hypothalamus and stored in posterior lobe | -Antidiuretic Hormone;reduces urine production, water is reabsorbed by kidneys, blood volume increases, higher BP, alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. 2) Oxytocin; contraction of smooth muscle in the uterus & ducts of the mammary glands, positive feedback
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| Andenohypopysis (anterior lobe) | synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones after stimulation from hypothalamus hormones (ex of hormone stimulation)
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| humoral stimuli | something in fluid or blood stimulates hormone production
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| neural stimuli | direct enervation from nerves, stimulation from nerve fibers
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| hormonal stimuli | "chain reaction", one hormone stimulates production of other hormones from different glands
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| 7 hormones of the anterior lobe | Prolactin, Thyroid Stimulating hormone(TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Melanocyte stimulating (MSH), Follicle stimulating (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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| Prolactin | in females stimulates milk production
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| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone | stimulates thyroid to produce and secret thyroxin
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| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | stimulates adrenal cortex to produce glucocoticoids
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| Melanocyte stimulating hormone | increases rate of melanin production- only in fetus, found children and pregnancy
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| follcle stimulating hormone | In females, stimulates development of follicles in the ovary and production of estrogen. In males it stimulates sperm production
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| Luteinizing hormone | In females, stimulates ovulation, etc. In males stimulates production of testosterone
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| Pineal Gland | Secretes melatonin, sets day/night cycles of body
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| Thymus | secretes Thymosin (needed for development of T lymphocytes. It shrinks as we get older, grows until puberty
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| Thyroid Gland hormones | Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyroinine (T3), and Calcitonin. Colloid produces thyroglobulin, which combines with iodine to be a precursor of thyroid hormone
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| Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyroinine (T3) | Controls basal metabolic rate, stimulates growth and development, produced in thyroid follicle cells (colloid?)
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| Calcitonin | Stimulates storage of calcium into bone (less calcium in bloodstream), produced by parafollicular cells
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| goiter | caused by lack of iodine, caused colloids to swell, thus thyroid gland grows
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| Parathyroid hormone | increases calcium in the blood, converting fit D to active from which allows calcium absorption in blood and causes kidney to reabsorb calcium, releases back into the body
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| Adrenal glands | composed of adrenal cortex-glandular; adrenal medulla- neural
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| Adrenal Cortex releases | Aldosterone: acts on kidneys to retain Na+, water follows, increase blood volume, increases in BP. Cortisol: makes sugar available for cellular metabolism during stress, decreases immune system and inflammation.; Sex hormones
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| Andrenal Medulla releases | Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, increases heart rate, cardiac output, respiratory rate and basal metabolic rate
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| Pancreas | Pancreatic acini cells are exocrine. Pancreatic islets are endocrine.
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| Pancreatic Islets produce | Glucagon: increases sugar levels in blood stream. Insulin: decreases sugar levels in blood stream
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| gonads | Ovaries: produce estrogen's and progesterone; secondary sex charact., egg production, breast develop. and menstrual cycle. Testes produce testosterone: sec sex charac. and sperm production
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