BIO202 - CH17 – Hemostasis - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Platelets are? | Cytoplasmic fragments of large cells - megakaryocytes. They act in clotting process.
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| Platelet formation is regulated by hormone __. | thrombopoietin
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| 3 steps of hemostasis | (1) vascular spasma (2) platelet plug formation (3) coagulation
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| Platelets stick to exposed collagen fibers due to __. | von Willebrand factor (VWF) synthesized by endothelial cells
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| Serotonin in platelets __ vascular spasms. | enhance
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| What is Thromboxane A2 & what does it do? | Short-lived prostaglandin derrivative - stimulates clotting - causing postive feedback cycle.
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| Blood clotting is a __ feedback cycle. | positive
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| Blood clotting or not depends on what balance? | Between clotting factors (procoagulants) & anticoagulants.
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| Most clotting factors are made by __. | the liver
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| Phase 1 of clotting involves? | Intrinsic or extrinsic pathways to Prothrombin Activator - slowest step
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| In Phase 2 of clotting... | prothrombin activator catalyzes prothrombin into thrombin.
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| Phase 3 of clotting... | Thrombin catalyzes polymerization of fibrinogen & fibrin mech is formed
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| Platelets contain __ proteins. | contractile (actin & myosin)
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| What is fibrinolysis? | Removal of unneeded clots when healing has occured.
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| Plasmin is a __-digesting enzyme. | plasmin
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| Name 2 mechanisms that limit clot growth. | (1) swift removal of clotting factors (2) inhibition of activated clotting factors
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| For clotting to occur in the first place,the concentration of __ must reach certain critical levels. | procoagulants
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| Heparin __ thrombin & the intrinsic pathway. | inhibits
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| Name 2 antithrombic substances. | nitric oxide & prostacyclin
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| Which vitamin when it reacts with oxygen is a potent anticoagulant? | Vitamin E
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| Thromboembolic disorders result from? | Conditions that cause undesireable clot formation
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| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | Involves whidespread clotting & severe bleeding
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| Asprin does what? | Antiprostaglandin drug that inhibits thromboxane A2 - blocks platelet aggregation & plug formation.
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| __ is teh anticoagulant most used clinically. | heparin
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| The anticoagulant warfin does what? | Interferes with Vitamin K in production of some procoagulants.
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| DIC - Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation - occurs most commonly when? | Pregnancy complecation, result of septicemia, or incompativle blood transfusions.
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| Thrombocytopenia | Deficient number of platelets that causes spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels all over body.
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| Vitamin K is required by liver to produce __. | Clotting factors
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| Hemophilia A results from? | Deficiency of factor 8 - X-linked - prolonged bleeding
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| Loss of more than 30% of blood volume results in __. | severe shock
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| Agglutination | Antibodies act against foreign cells & cause them to clump - mismatched transfusion
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| Hemolytic disease of the newborn | Rh incompatibility - so many RBCs are destroyed that fetus dies.
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| hemostasis | Process that stops bleeding & prevents blood loss - including spasms in affected blood vessels, platelet plugs & clotting.
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| 2 ways blood clots form | intrinsic & extrinsic
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| At least __ varieties of naturally occuring RBC antigens are common in humans. | 30
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| A person with neither A or B antigens is? | Group O - possess both anti-A & anti-B antibodies or agglutinins.
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| There are __ different types of Rh agglutinogens. | 45
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| The 3 common Rh antigens are? | C, D & E
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| Most americans are Rh __. | Postitive - carry the D antigen
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| RhoGAM is a serum containing __. | anti-Rh agglutinins
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| Transfusion reactions can result in circulating hemoglobin which __. | allows hemoglobin to pass freely into the kidney tubules & causes renal shutdown/failure.
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| An agglutinin is a __. | plasma antibody
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| A high eosinophil count may indicate? | a parasitic infection or allergic response
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| SMAC is a __. | blood chemistry profile
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| Intrinsic clotting mechanism | involves substances in blood itself - enzyme thrombin & protein fibrinogen makes fibrin thread that net blood cells & platelets into blood clot.
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| Extrinsic clotting mechanism. | Triggered outside the blood itself - comes from damaged blood vessels & surrounding tissue - formation of thrombin.
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| Thrombus | Clot that stays where it forms in an unbroken blood vessel
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| Embolus | Clot that breaks free & circulates through blood stream.
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