Government - Exam 3 - Part 1 - Chapter 8 - Campaigns
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| Perception of popular support for a program or policy based on the margin of electoral victory won by a candidate who proposed it during a campaign | Mandate
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| Voting for or against a candidate or party on the basis of past performance in office | Retrospective voting
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| In politics, a reference to the increasing number of officeholders for who politics is a full-time occupation | Professionalism
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| In politics, a reference to people who started young working in politics, running for and holding public office, and who made politics their career | Careerism
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| Candidates currently in office seeking reelection | Incumbents
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| Percentages of incumbents running for reelection who are successful | Reelection rates
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| Public awareness of a political candidate – whether they are familiar with his or her name | Name Recognition
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| In politics, a reference to people running against incumbent officeholders | Challengers
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| Free use of the US mails granted to members of Congress to promote communication with constituents | Franking Privilege
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| Plan for a political campaign, usually including a theme, an attempt to define the opponent or the issues, and an effort to coordinate images and messages in news broadcasts and paid advertising | Campaign Strategy
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| Speeches, commercials, or advertising attacking a political opponent during a campaign | Negative Campaigning
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| In a political context, a small number of people brought together in a comfortable setting to discuss and respond to themes and issues, allowing campaign managers to develop and analyze strategies | Focus group
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| Staged opportunities for the media to photograph the candidate in a favorable setting | Photo ops
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| Concise and catchy phrases that attract media coverage | Sound bites
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| In politics, to activate supporters to work for candidates and turn out on Election Day | Mobilize
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| Ads that advocate policy positions rather than explicitly supporting or opposing particular candidates | Issue Ads
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| Organizations that solicit and receive campaign contributions from corporations, unions, trade associations, and ideological and issue-oriented groups, and their members, then distribute these funds to a political candidate | Political Action Committees (PACs)
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| Agency charged with enforcing federal election laws and disbursing public presidential campaign funds | Federal Election Commission (FEC)
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| Previously unregulated contributions to the parties, now prohibited; contributions to parties are now limited | Soft Money
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| Direct candidate contact with individual voters | Retail Politics
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| Practitioners of the art of spin control, or manipulations of media reporting to favor their own candidate | Spin Doctors
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| Presidential political campaign strategy in which a candidate focuses on winning early primaries to build momentum | Front-end strategy
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| The scheduling of presidential primary elections early in the year | Front Loading
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| Presidential political campaign strategy in which a candidate focuses on winning primaries in large states because of their high delegate counts | Big State strategy
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| The 538 presidential electors apportioned among the state according to their congressional representation (plus three for the District of Columbia) whose votes officially elect the president and vice president of the United States | Electoral College
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| States that are not considered to be firmly in the Democratic or Republican column | Swing States
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| ______ gives an advantage to known officeholders. | Name recognition
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| The franking privilege allows incumbents in Washington to ______. | send mail free of charge
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| Political consultant rules include: Go ______ early, often and right through Election Day, if necessary. | negative
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| Political consultant rules include: Appeal to the ______, rather than to the head. | heart and gut
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| Political consultant rules include: If ______, hit back even harder. | attacked
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| Political consultant rules include: ______ early, if you have the money. | Advertise
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| ______ are small groups that are used by campaigns to test responses to issues | focus groups
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| The main goal of campaigns is to ______ | mobilize supporters
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| The maximum individual contribution to a presidential candidate for each of the primary and general elections is about ___. | $2300
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| As a candidate, Barack Obama reportedly raised ______ from donors over the internet for his 2008 presidential election. | $500 million
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| The franking privilege may feed into name recognition by allowing incumbents to keep in contact with ______ | constituents
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| ______ of the candidate is more credible in the eyes of viewers regarding candidates | News coverage
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| Presidential campaigns can use public money from what source? | Tax check-offs
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| A media mention contributes most directly to ______ | name recognition
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| Which state traditionally holds the first presidential primary? | New Hampshire
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| _______ is NOT usually a requirement for a big-state strategy? | Party endorsement
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| In most states, to win all of a state’s electoral votes, candidates must get what proportion of a state’s popular vote? | A plurality
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| ______ were the first presidential hopefuls to debate on television | Kennedy and Nixon
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| When does the Electoral College meet in election years? | December
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| To win the presidential election you must have what proportion of Electoral College votes? | A majority
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| What are 4 swing states? | Ohio, Pennsylvania, Missouri, New Mexico
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| More than any other campaign event, television viewers watch ______. | debates
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| The term 'retail politics' refers to candidates ______. | in direct contact with voters
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| The most overrepresented profession in politics is _______. | attorneys
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| In a large state it could easily cost in excess of _____ to run a winning campaign for the US Senate. | $25 million
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| Probably the most important hurdle to any candidate for office is ______. | fund-raising
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