Human Development and Genetics
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| The period from fertilization of egg until birth | gestation
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| When ONE of millions of sperm joins the egg, combines DNA | Fertilization
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| When egg and sperm combine | Zygote
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| Fertilization of egg takes place in | Fallopian tubes
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| A change or maturation of sperm that takes place as it is swimming thru uterus and fallopian tubes | Capacitation
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| Becomes more fragile | Acrosomes
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| Allows Acrosomes to burst and digest | egg membrane
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| One sperm enters egg and the ____changes to block others | membrane
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| Nuclei fuse restoring___ number | Diploid
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| #chromosomes from mom # chromosomes from dad | 23, 23
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| 22 pars of ___(#1-22) | Autosomes
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| 1 pair of ___chromosomes | Sex
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| XX | female
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| XY | male
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| Mitotic dividing of zygote occurs as it is sent toward uterus and continues till you die | Cleavage
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| Morula has # cells | 16
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| The pointy when mass becomes hollow | blastocyte
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| Hollow space filled with fluid | blastocele
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| Blastocele has 2 layers ___, ___ | Trophoblast, inner mass
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| Outer layer of cells | Trophoblast
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| Inner layer of cells | inner mass
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| Bonding of zygote to uterine wall (5-8 days gestation) | Implantation
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| Implantation stage 1 | endometrium produces carbohydrates during the end of uterine cycle
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| Implantation stage 2 | surface protein on the blastocyst combine with carbohydrates
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| Implantation stage 3 | Trophoblast secretes enzyme that digest surface of endometrium
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| Implantation stage 4 | blastocyst sinks in the crater
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| Embryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of placenta | Chorion
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| Chorion originates as | Trophoblast
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| Embryonic stem cells | Inner mass
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| Inner mass is where all ___can be expressed | DNA
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| # kinds of cells at birth | 200
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| Developing human from implantation to 8 weeks | Embryo
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| 12 days plate of cells within the blastocyte | embryonic disk
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| Germ layers after ___ days___layers form that will derive specific tissues | 14,3
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| Distinguished form embryo at 20 days | Embryonic membrane
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| Gives rise to the first blood cells and sex stem cells | Yolk sac
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| Yolk sac becomes part of ____ | umbilical cord
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| Thin membrane that surrounds the embryo | Amnion
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| What the Trophoblast is called as it develops | Chorion
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| Projections from the Chorion into the endometrium that become fetal part of placenta | chorionic villi
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| When does embryo form with head and limbs and beating heart | 4-5weeks
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| When do organ systems establish | 8weeks
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| Fetal growth ___-__ weeks | 9-40
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| Maternal endometrium and fetal chorion tissue structures | Placenta
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| Placenta forms at___weeks | 12
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| ___produces hormones that maintain pregnancy | placenta
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| Produced by chorion of embryo | hCG
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| What is hCG | human chorionic gonadotropin
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| HCG is secreted in ____ | Uterine
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| Placenta birthed after fetus | afterbirth
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| Connects fetus to placenta | umbilical cord
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| # arteries go away from fetus | 2
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| # veins go toward fetus | 1
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| Parturition | birth
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| Sequence of events that occur during birth | Labor
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| Labor has # stages | 3
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| What stage does dilation and effacement occur | 1
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| What stage does amniotic sac rupture | 1
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| What stage is mucus plug released | 1
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| What stage usually lasts 8-12 hours | 1
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| What stage is delivery of infant | 2
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| What stage is oxytocin released to increase uterine contraction | 2
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| What stage is delivery of placenta | 3
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| As soon as birth occurs what is the fetus called | infant
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| ___stimulates medulla which starts respiration | Oxygen
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| Breathing promotes circulation which closes___ | feramenal valley
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| __ may occur as liver immaturity does not excrete bilirubin | Jaundice
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| Study of genes | genetics
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| Most of our___ are determined by genetics | characteristics
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| When a genes information is used form something such as making a protein | expressed
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| The actual physical genetic make up | genotype
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| Appearance of how the alleles are expressed | phenotype
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| IE: the sequence of bases on the DNA | genotype
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| IE: what the genotype determines | Phenotype
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| 2 or more possibilities for the expression of a pair of genes | alleles
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| Both alleles are the same | homozygous
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| The 2 alleles are different | heterozygous
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| Dominant vs recessive only matters in ____alleles | common
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| The gene that is expressed of the 2 | dominant
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| The gene that is not expressed | recessive
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| A diagram to illustrate how genes are expressed | Punnett square
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| Gives all the possibilities of expression | Punnett square
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| Sex linked traits aka | x linked traits
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| Sex linked traits can be recessive but are always expressed in___ | males ( because there is no dominant gene to suppress)
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| ____factors also contribute to phenotype | Environmental
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| Every gene has been mapped | Human Genome Project
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| Diseases that are a result of malfunctioning DNA | genetic disease
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