Nervous system
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| Functions of the Nervous System | To detect changes and feel sensation
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| Functions of the Nervous System | Initiate appropriate response to changes
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| Functions of the Nervous System | To organize information for immediate use and store for future reference
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| Nervous system activities (2) | Conscious and subconscious
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| Anatomical divisions | Central and Peripheral
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| CNS | Central Nervous System
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| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System
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| Brain and spinal cord | CNS
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| 12 Cranial nerves and 31 Spinal nerves | PNS
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| Nerve cell | Neuron
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| Processes of a neuron | Nerve fibers
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| Toward cell body | Dendrites
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| Away from cell body | Axon
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| Neuron fiber covering | Myelin sheath
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| Space between Schwann cells | Neurofibral nodes
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| Sheath of Schwann cells | Neurolemma
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| Neuroglial cells (4) | Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Epindymal, Astrocytes
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| Produces myelin in the CNS | Oligodendrocytes
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| Move and phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissue | Microglia
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| Line the ventricles to help CSF circulate | Epindymal
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| Help maintain potassium levels | Astrocytes
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| Wrap around capillaries to contribute to the blood brain barrier | Astrocytes
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| Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain | Blood Brain Barrier
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| CFS | Cerebrospinal fluid
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| BBB | Blood brain barrier
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| K+ | Potassium
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| Na- | sodium
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| Space between the axon of one neuron and dendrites of cell body of another | Synapse
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| Presynaptic axon | Synaptic knob Release neurotransmitter signals by electrical depolarization
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| Chemicals that excite or inhibit a neuron in a synapse | Neurotransmitter
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| Causes postsynaptic neuron to depolarize | Excitatory
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| Causes postsynaptic neuron to hyperpolarize | Inhibitory
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| Enzyme that inactivates neurotransmitter to stop the impulse until needed again | In activator
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| Reabsorption of neurotransmitter back into neuron that released it | Reuptake
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| Types of neurons | Sensory, Motor, Interneuron
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| Sensory aka | Afferent
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| Motor aka | Efferent
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| Impulses to CNS | Sensory
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| Impulse from CNS to effector | Motor
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| Produce impulses | Receptors
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| Receptors in skin, skeletal muscle, and joints | Somatic receptors
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| Receptors in internal organs | Autonomic receptors
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| Autonomic receptors aka | Visceral receptors
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| Types of motor neurons (2) | Somatic, Visceral
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| Structures effected by efferent neuron | Effectors
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| Neuron effected by skeletal muscle | Somatic
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| Neurons effected by smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands | Visceral
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| ANS | Autonomic nervous system
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| Neurons make up ANS (2) | Somatic, Visceral
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| Connect CNS neurons together | Interneurons
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| Groups of nerve fibers (axons and/or dendrites) | Nerve
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| Only afferent | Sensory nerves
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| Only efferent | Motor nerves
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| Afferent and efferent (mostly peripheral nerves) | Mixed nerves
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| Bundles of functionally related fibers in the CNS | Nerve tracts/fasciculus
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| Electrochemical signal carried by the nerve | Nerve impulses
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| More positive on the outside | Polarized
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| More potassium on the inside and sodium on the outside | Polarized
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| Polarized: Net ___ outside and ___inside | +,-
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| Depolarized followed by depolarized | Action potential
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| Reversal of the charges | Depolarization
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| Only depolarizes an Neurofibral nodes | Saltatory conduction
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| Located in the spinal canal | Spinal cord
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| Transmits signals between the brain and PNS | Spinal cord
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| Spinal cord extends from the ____ to about___ | Foramen magnum, L1-L2
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| ____ and ___ extend beyond the spinal cord to the sacrum | Cauda equina, meninges
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| Unmyelinated interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons | Grey matter
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| H shaped in X section | Grey matter
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| Myelinated nerve fibers | White matter
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| Bundles of functionally related fibers | Tracts (fasciculi)
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| Tracts (2) groups | Ascending and descending
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| Carry impulses up the cord to the brain (sensory) | Ascending tracts
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| Carry impulses down to cord from the brain (motor) | Descending
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| Nerves from the cord to their periphery | Spinal nerves
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| ____pairs of spinal nerves | 31
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| Continuation of spinal nerves beyond the spinal cord | Cauda equina
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| # roots per spinal nerve | 2
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| Afferent (sensory) fibers | Dorsal root
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| Posterior root | Dorsal root
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| Ceell bodies of sensory neurons | Dorsal root ganglia
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| Efferent (motor) fibers | Ventral root
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| Anterior root | Ventral root
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| Involuntary response to a stimulus | Reflex
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| Do not depend on the brain | Spinal cord reflexes
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| The pathways of nerve impuses during a reflex | reflex arc
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| Reflex arc parts (5) | Receptors, Sensory neurons, CNS, motor neurons, effectors
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| Detect a stimulus and generate an impulse | Receptors
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| Transmit impulse to CNS | Sensory neurons
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| Interprets the impulse and redirects it | CNS
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| Transmits impuls to effectors | Motor neurons
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| Performs actions | Effectors
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| Spinal cord to pons | Medulla
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| Cardiac center | Medulla
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| Vasomotor center | Medulla
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| Respiratory center | Medulla
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| Regulates heart rate | Medulla
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| Regulate BP | Medulla
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| Regulates respiration | Medulla
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| Reflex center | Medulla
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| Coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting | Medulla
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| Superior to the medulla | Pons
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| Bridge (latin) | Pons
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| From the pns to the hypothalamus | Midbrain
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| Encloses cerebral aqueduct | Midbrain
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| Visual, righting and auditory reflexes | Midbrain
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| Posterior to the medulla, pons and 4th ventricle-inferior to occipital lobe of cerebrum | Cerebellum
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| All functions concerned with movement | Cerbellum
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| Coordination, regulation of muscle tone, posture, equalibrium | Cerebellum
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| Involuntary | Cerebellum
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| Works in conjunction with inner ear for equalibrium | Cerebellum
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| Lateral to the 3rd ventricle and superior to the hypothalamus | Thalamus
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| Sensation (other than smell) | Thalamus
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| Sense comes to the ___if it is important then it is sent to the cerebrum for interptretation | Thalamus
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| Blocks unwanted sensation | Thalamus
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| Allows us to concentrate without distraction of thousands of sensations | thalamus
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| Inferior to the thalamus, superior to the pituitary | Hypothalamus
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| Produces hormones | Hypothalamus
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| Stimulates secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland | Hypothalamus
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| Regulates body temperature | Hypothalamus
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| Sweating and shivering are ways to … | Regulate body temperature
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| Regulate body temberature
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| Regulates food intake, monitoring nutrients and chemical levels | Hypothalamus
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| Integration of ANS | Hypothalamus
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| Causes visceral response to emotion (blushing, increase in heart rate) | Hypothalamus
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| Regulates body rhythm (hormone secrestion, sleep cycles, mood change) | Hypothalamus
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| 2hemispheres, several lobes, connected by corpus callosum | Cerebrum
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| R & L___contain R&L ___ | hemispheres, ventricles
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| Surface of cerebrum | Cerebrtal cortex
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| Non Myelinated cell bodies | Grey matter
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| White matter is ___to grey matter | Internal
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| Folds (convolutions) | Gyri
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| Small grooves between gyri | Sulci
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| Deep grooves separate lobes and hemispheres | Fissures
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| Anterior part of the brain | Frontal lobes
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| Contralateral voluntary movement | Motor areas (frontal lobes)
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| The largest portion of____ lobe is devoted to fine movement of the hands | Frontal lobe
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| Causes contra lateral paralysis | Stroke
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| Learned motor skills that require sequenced movement | Pre motor area (frontal lobes)
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| Controls movement of mouth, tongue, larynx | Bocca’s motor speech
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| Lobe superior and lateral | Parietal
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| Interprets input from taste buds (overlaps temporal lobes) | Taste areas
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| Lateral | Temporal lobes
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| Interprets and learns input from reeptors in the nasal cavity | Olfactory area
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| Receives input from the inner ear for hearing and interprets the sound such as speech | Auditory area
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| Areas concerned with formulation of speech | Speech areas
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| Hippocampus | memory
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| Stores memories | Hippocampus
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| Floor of the lateral ventricle | Hippocampus
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| Posterier | Occipital lobe
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| Interprets input from the eyes | Visual area
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| Visual areas | Occipital lobe
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| Paired masses of grey matter within the cerebral hemisphere | Basal ganglia
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| Regulate and coordinate complex movement | Basal ganglia
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| Band of 200 million fibers that connect the hemispheres | Corpus callosum
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| Important with coordination left and right brain function | Corpus callosum
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| Connective tissue membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord | Meninges
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| Meningeal layers (3) | Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater
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| “Tough mother” | Dura mater
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| Lines the cranium and vertebral canal | Dura matter
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| Weblike strands that connect to pia mater | Arachnoid
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| Contains CSF | Subarachnoid space
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| Space between pia and arachnoid | Subarachnoid space
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| “Gentle’ | Pia mater
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| Inside the arachnoid | Pia mater
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| Covers the brain and spinal cord | Pia mater
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| Sugary, Salty, watery, crystal clear fluid | CSF
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| Brings nutrients to CNS | CSF
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| Removes waste products | CSF
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| Cushions | CSF
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| Flows through CNS | CSF
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| Absorption equals__ | Rate of production
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| Cranial nerves _NS | Peripheral PNS
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| # Cranial nerves | 12
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| Nerves that emerge from the brain | Cranial nerves
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| CNS & PNS___division | Structural
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| SNS & ANS___dividion | Functional
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| SNS | Somatic nervous system
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| ANS | Autonomic nervous system
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| Voluntary compnent that innervates skeletal muscle | SNS
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| Aka Visceral | ANS
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| Fight of flight response | Sympathetic respose
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| Dominant in stressful situations | Sympathetic respnes
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| Rest and digest response | Parasympathetic
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| Dominates in relaxed situations | Parasympathetic
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| Compnent made up of visceral motor neurons that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands-the effectors | ANS
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| Interprets impulses from contralateral sensory organs (skin, muscles, tendons) | General sensory areas (parietal)
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