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I. Anat 8
Nervous system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of the Nervous System | To detect changes and feel sensation |
| Functions of the Nervous System | Initiate appropriate response to changes |
| Functions of the Nervous System | To organize information for immediate use and store for future reference |
| Nervous system activities (2) | Conscious and subconscious |
| Anatomical divisions | Central and Peripheral |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System |
| Brain and spinal cord | CNS |
| 12 Cranial nerves and 31 Spinal nerves | PNS |
| Nerve cell | Neuron |
| Processes of a neuron | Nerve fibers |
| Toward cell body | Dendrites |
| Away from cell body | Axon |
| Neuron fiber covering | Myelin sheath |
| Space between Schwann cells | Neurofibral nodes |
| Sheath of Schwann cells | Neurolemma |
| Neuroglial cells (4) | Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Epindymal, Astrocytes |
| Produces myelin in the CNS | Oligodendrocytes |
| Move and phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissue | Microglia |
| Line the ventricles to help CSF circulate | Epindymal |
| Help maintain potassium levels | Astrocytes |
| Wrap around capillaries to contribute to the blood brain barrier | Astrocytes |
| Prevents harmful substances from entering the brain | Blood Brain Barrier |
| CFS | Cerebrospinal fluid |
| BBB | Blood brain barrier |
| K+ | Potassium |
| Na- | sodium |
| Space between the axon of one neuron and dendrites of cell body of another | Synapse |
| Presynaptic axon | Synaptic knob Release neurotransmitter signals by electrical depolarization |
| Chemicals that excite or inhibit a neuron in a synapse | Neurotransmitter |
| Causes postsynaptic neuron to depolarize | Excitatory |
| Causes postsynaptic neuron to hyperpolarize | Inhibitory |
| Enzyme that inactivates neurotransmitter to stop the impulse until needed again | In activator |
| Reabsorption of neurotransmitter back into neuron that released it | Reuptake |
| Types of neurons | Sensory, Motor, Interneuron |
| Sensory aka | Afferent |
| Motor aka | Efferent |
| Impulses to CNS | Sensory |
| Impulse from CNS to effector | Motor |
| Produce impulses | Receptors |
| Receptors in skin, skeletal muscle, and joints | Somatic receptors |
| Receptors in internal organs | Autonomic receptors |
| Autonomic receptors aka | Visceral receptors |
| Types of motor neurons (2) | Somatic, Visceral |
| Structures effected by efferent neuron | Effectors |
| Neuron effected by skeletal muscle | Somatic |
| Neurons effected by smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands | Visceral |
| ANS | Autonomic nervous system |
| Neurons make up ANS (2) | Somatic, Visceral |
| Connect CNS neurons together | Interneurons |
| Groups of nerve fibers (axons and/or dendrites) | Nerve |
| Only afferent | Sensory nerves |
| Only efferent | Motor nerves |
| Afferent and efferent (mostly peripheral nerves) | Mixed nerves |
| Bundles of functionally related fibers in the CNS | Nerve tracts/fasciculus |
| Electrochemical signal carried by the nerve | Nerve impulses |
| More positive on the outside | Polarized |
| More potassium on the inside and sodium on the outside | Polarized |
| Polarized: Net ___ outside and ___inside | +,- |
| Depolarized followed by depolarized | Action potential |
| Reversal of the charges | Depolarization |
| Only depolarizes an Neurofibral nodes | Saltatory conduction |
| Located in the spinal canal | Spinal cord |
| Transmits signals between the brain and PNS | Spinal cord |
| Spinal cord extends from the ____ to about___ | Foramen magnum, L1-L2 |
| ____ and ___ extend beyond the spinal cord to the sacrum | Cauda equina, meninges |
| Unmyelinated interneurons and cell bodies of motor neurons | Grey matter |
| H shaped in X section | Grey matter |
| Myelinated nerve fibers | White matter |
| Bundles of functionally related fibers | Tracts (fasciculi) |
| Tracts (2) groups | Ascending and descending |
| Carry impulses up the cord to the brain (sensory) | Ascending tracts |
| Carry impulses down to cord from the brain (motor) | Descending |
| Nerves from the cord to their periphery | Spinal nerves |
| ____pairs of spinal nerves | 31 |
| Continuation of spinal nerves beyond the spinal cord | Cauda equina |
| # roots per spinal nerve | 2 |
| Afferent (sensory) fibers | Dorsal root |
| Posterior root | Dorsal root |
| Ceell bodies of sensory neurons | Dorsal root ganglia |
| Efferent (motor) fibers | Ventral root |
| Anterior root | Ventral root |
| Involuntary response to a stimulus | Reflex |
| Do not depend on the brain | Spinal cord reflexes |
| The pathways of nerve impuses during a reflex | reflex arc |
| Reflex arc parts (5) | Receptors, Sensory neurons, CNS, motor neurons, effectors |
| Detect a stimulus and generate an impulse | Receptors |
| Transmit impulse to CNS | Sensory neurons |
| Interprets the impulse and redirects it | CNS |
| Transmits impuls to effectors | Motor neurons |
| Performs actions | Effectors |
| Spinal cord to pons | Medulla |
| Cardiac center | Medulla |
| Vasomotor center | Medulla |
| Respiratory center | Medulla |
| Regulates heart rate | Medulla |
| Regulate BP | Medulla |
| Regulates respiration | Medulla |
| Reflex center | Medulla |
| Coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting | Medulla |
| Superior to the medulla | Pons |
| Bridge (latin) | Pons |
| From the pns to the hypothalamus | Midbrain |
| Encloses cerebral aqueduct | Midbrain |
| Visual, righting and auditory reflexes | Midbrain |
| Posterior to the medulla, pons and 4th ventricle-inferior to occipital lobe of cerebrum | Cerebellum |
| All functions concerned with movement | Cerbellum |
| Coordination, regulation of muscle tone, posture, equalibrium | Cerebellum |
| Involuntary | Cerebellum |
| Works in conjunction with inner ear for equalibrium | Cerebellum |
| Lateral to the 3rd ventricle and superior to the hypothalamus | Thalamus |
| Sensation (other than smell) | Thalamus |
| Sense comes to the ___if it is important then it is sent to the cerebrum for interptretation | Thalamus |
| Blocks unwanted sensation | Thalamus |
| Allows us to concentrate without distraction of thousands of sensations | thalamus |
| Inferior to the thalamus, superior to the pituitary | Hypothalamus |
| Produces hormones | Hypothalamus |
| Stimulates secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland | Hypothalamus |
| Regulates body temperature | Hypothalamus |
| Sweating and shivering are ways to … | Regulate body temperature |
| Regulate body temberature | |
| Regulates food intake, monitoring nutrients and chemical levels | Hypothalamus |
| Integration of ANS | Hypothalamus |
| Causes visceral response to emotion (blushing, increase in heart rate) | Hypothalamus |
| Regulates body rhythm (hormone secrestion, sleep cycles, mood change) | Hypothalamus |
| 2hemispheres, several lobes, connected by corpus callosum | Cerebrum |
| R & L___contain R&L ___ | hemispheres, ventricles |
| Surface of cerebrum | Cerebrtal cortex |
| Non Myelinated cell bodies | Grey matter |
| White matter is ___to grey matter | Internal |
| Folds (convolutions) | Gyri |
| Small grooves between gyri | Sulci |
| Deep grooves separate lobes and hemispheres | Fissures |
| Anterior part of the brain | Frontal lobes |
| Contralateral voluntary movement | Motor areas (frontal lobes) |
| The largest portion of____ lobe is devoted to fine movement of the hands | Frontal lobe |
| Causes contra lateral paralysis | Stroke |
| Learned motor skills that require sequenced movement | Pre motor area (frontal lobes) |
| Controls movement of mouth, tongue, larynx | Bocca’s motor speech |
| Lobe superior and lateral | Parietal |
| Interprets input from taste buds (overlaps temporal lobes) | Taste areas |
| Lateral | Temporal lobes |
| Interprets and learns input from reeptors in the nasal cavity | Olfactory area |
| Receives input from the inner ear for hearing and interprets the sound such as speech | Auditory area |
| Areas concerned with formulation of speech | Speech areas |
| Hippocampus | memory |
| Stores memories | Hippocampus |
| Floor of the lateral ventricle | Hippocampus |
| Posterier | Occipital lobe |
| Interprets input from the eyes | Visual area |
| Visual areas | Occipital lobe |
| Paired masses of grey matter within the cerebral hemisphere | Basal ganglia |
| Regulate and coordinate complex movement | Basal ganglia |
| Band of 200 million fibers that connect the hemispheres | Corpus callosum |
| Important with coordination left and right brain function | Corpus callosum |
| Connective tissue membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord | Meninges |
| Meningeal layers (3) | Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater |
| “Tough mother” | Dura mater |
| Lines the cranium and vertebral canal | Dura matter |
| Weblike strands that connect to pia mater | Arachnoid |
| Contains CSF | Subarachnoid space |
| Space between pia and arachnoid | Subarachnoid space |
| “Gentle’ | Pia mater |
| Inside the arachnoid | Pia mater |
| Covers the brain and spinal cord | Pia mater |
| Sugary, Salty, watery, crystal clear fluid | CSF |
| Brings nutrients to CNS | CSF |
| Removes waste products | CSF |
| Cushions | CSF |
| Flows through CNS | CSF |
| Absorption equals__ | Rate of production |
| Cranial nerves _NS | Peripheral PNS |
| # Cranial nerves | 12 |
| Nerves that emerge from the brain | Cranial nerves |
| CNS & PNS___division | Structural |
| SNS & ANS___dividion | Functional |
| SNS | Somatic nervous system |
| ANS | Autonomic nervous system |
| Voluntary compnent that innervates skeletal muscle | SNS |
| Aka Visceral | ANS |
| Fight of flight response | Sympathetic respose |
| Dominant in stressful situations | Sympathetic respnes |
| Rest and digest response | Parasympathetic |
| Dominates in relaxed situations | Parasympathetic |
| Compnent made up of visceral motor neurons that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands-the effectors | ANS |
| Interprets impulses from contralateral sensory organs (skin, muscles, tendons) | General sensory areas (parietal) |
Created by:
Sarsileigh
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