The Endocrine System
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| the nervous system and the endocrine system function together to | monitor and adjust physiological activities for the regulation of homeostasis
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| homeostasis is the maintenance of a | relatively constant internal environment
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| the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are...compared to the... | long-term ongoing metabolic processes...short-term effects of the nervous system
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| endocrine organs are..into... | ductless glands that release hormones...blood or lymph
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| hormones are | messenger molecules that travel in the circulatory vessels and signal phsyiological changes in target cells
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| hormonally regulated processes include | reproduction, growth, mobilization of body defenses against stress, maintenance of the proper chemistry of the blood and body fluids and regulation of cellular metabolism
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| the endocrine organs are | small and widely separated from one another within the body
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| the pure endocrine organs are the | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands
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| other organs that contain endocrine cells are the | gonads, pancreas, kidney, alimentary canal, heart, thymus and skin
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| the hypothalamus of the brain is a | neuroendocrine organ
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| endocrine organs are richly | vascularized
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| although most endocrine cells are | modified epithelial cells, others are neurons, muscle cells, or fibroblast-like cells
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| most hormones are either | amino acid derivatives or steriods
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| amino acid derivates include | amines, peptides and proteins
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| steroids are | lipid based molecules derived from cholesterol
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| hormones produce their effects by leaving the | capillaries and binding to specific receptor molecules in or on their target cells
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| such binding triggers a | preprogrammed response in the target cell
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| endocrine organs are stimulated to release their hormones by | humoral, neural or hormonal stimuli
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| hormonal secretion is controlled by | feedback loops
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| the hypothalamus of the brain regulates | many functions of the endocrine system through the hormones it secretes
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| the golf club-shaped...is suspended from the | pituitary gland...diencephalon of the brain by its stalk (infundibulum)
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| the pituitary gland lies in the | hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
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| the pituitary gland consists of an | anterior adenohypophysis and a posterior neurohypophysis
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| the anterior adenohypophysis has three pars | pars distalis, pars intermdedia, pas tuberalis
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| pars distalis (anterior lobe) is the | largest, anteriormost part of the adenohypophysis
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| cells in the pars distalis cluster into | spheres and branching cords
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| the five cell types of the pars distalis secrete | seven protein hormones
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| somatotropic cells secrete...and are the most | growth hormone...abundant cells in the pars distalis
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| mammotropic cells secrete | prolactin
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| thyrotropic cells secrete | thryoid stimulating hormone
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| corticotropic cells secrete | adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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| gonadotropic cells secrete | follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
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| growth hormone (somatotropic) stimulates | growth of the body and skeleton
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| prolactin signals | milk production
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| thyrotropic signals the | thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone
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| adrenocorticotropic signals the | adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
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| melanocyte-stimulating hormone causes the | skin to darken
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| follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone together are called | gonadotropins
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| gonadotropins signal the | maturation of sex cells and the secretion of sex hormones
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| four of the seven hormones (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH) stimulate | other endocrine glands to secrete and are called tropic hormones
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| pars intermedia is located just | posterior to pars distalis
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| pars tuberalis is located just | superior to pars intermedia, and wraps around the infundibulum like a tube
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| the posterior neurohypophysis also has three pars | pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, median eminence
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| pars nervosa is the | inferiormost part of the neurohypophysis
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| median eminence is the... | cone shaped portion of the hypothalamus
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| the neurohypophysis does NOT ...it only | make hormones...stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus
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| the pituitary hypophyseal artery supplies the | entire adenohypophysis and the infundibulum
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| the inferior hypophyseal artery supplies the | pars nervosa
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| the hypothalamus of the brain controls the | secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis
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| hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis in the following manner: first, certain hypothalamic nuerons make | releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones, which they secrete into primary capillary plexus in the median eminence
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| the releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones then travel through...to a... | hypophyseal portal veins...secondary capillary plexus in the pars distalis
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| the hormones then leave this plexus to signal...which then enter the... | the adenohypophyseal cells to secrete their hormones...secondary capillary plexus and travel to their target cells throughout the body
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| the neurohypophsis consits of...which contains the... | nervous tissue...hypothalamic hypophyseal axon tract
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| the cell bodies of the neurons that form the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axon tract are located in the | paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
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| the cell bodies of the neurons that form the tract synthesize...and store them in their | oxtyocin and ADH...axon terminals in the pars nervosa
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| the stored hormones in the neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophseal axon tract are then | released into capillaries when the neurons fire
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| ADH increases | resorption of water from the urine and raises blood pressure
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| oxytocin induces | labor and ejection of milk from the breasts
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| ADH and oxytocin are involved with | social bonding
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| the thyroid gland, which lies on the...consists of... | superior trachea...spherical follicles covered by epithelial follicle cells and separated by a capillary rich CT
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| thyroid follicles are filled with a | colloid of thyroglobulin
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| thyroglobulin is a | storage protein containing thyroid hromone
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| thryoid hormone, which contains...is made continuously by... | iodine and increases basal metabolic rate...follicle cells
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| thyroid hormone is stored within the...until... | follicles...TSH from the pituitary gland signals the follicle cells to reclaim the TH and secrete it into the extrafollicular capillaries
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| parafollicular cells protrude from the ...and secrete the hormone... | thyroid follicles...calcitonin
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| calcitonin can | lower blood calcium concentrations in children
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| several pairs of parathyroid glands lie on the | dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland
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| the chief parathyroid cells are arranged in...and secrete.. | thick, branching cords...parathyroid hormone
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| parathyroid hormone | raises low blood calcium levels
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| the paired adrenal glands lie on the | superior surface of each kidney
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| each adrenal gland has two distinct parts, an | outer cortex and an inner medulla
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| the adrenal medulla consists of | sperical clusters of chromaffin cells
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| upon sympathetic stimulation, these chromaffin cells secrete | epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
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| the adrenal cortex has three layers, the | zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
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| outer zona glomerulosa contains cells arranged in | spherical clusters
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| middle zona fasciculata's cells are arranged in | parallel cords
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| inner zona reticularis' cells are arranged in a | branching network
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| the steriod hormones secreted by the...include... | adrenal cortex...mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and dihydroepiandrosterone, DHEA
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| mineralocorticoids from the...conserve...by... | zona glomerulosa...water and sodium...increasing resorption of these substances by the kidney
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| glucocorticoids from the...help the body...by... | zona fasciculata and reticularis...cope with stress...stabilizing blood glucose levels
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| in large quantities, glucocorticoids also | inhibit inflammation in the immune system
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| the androgen dihydroepiandrosterone, DHEA from the...has...functions but they are probably... | zona reticularis...unclear...beneficial
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| steriod-secreting cells, including the cells in the...have an abundant... | gonads that secrete sex hormones...SER, tubular cristae in their mitochondria, abundant lipid droplets, and no secretory granules
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| the pineal gland, on the roof of the...contains | diencephalon..pinealocytes
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| pinealocytes cluster into | spherical clumps and cordsd separated by dense particles of calcium called pineal sand
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| pinealocytes secrete the hormone | melatonin
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| melatonin helps | regulate circadian rhythms
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| pnealocyte secretion is signaled by the | suprachiasmtic nucleus of the hypothalamus through a sympathetic pathway
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| the endocrine structures in the pancrease the the | spherical pancreatic islets
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| the islets contain | alpha, beta, delta, and F cells
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| islet cells are arranged in | twisting cords
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| alpha cells secrete | glucagon
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| glucagon raises | blood sugar levels
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| beta cells secrete | insulin which lowers blood sugar levels
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| the thymus is an important organ of the | immune system
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| the thymus secretes | thymic hormones which are essential for the production of T lymphocytes
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| various cells in the ovaries and testes secrete | steriod sex hormones, estrogens, and androgens
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| some muscle cells in the atria of the heart secrete | atrial natriuretic peptide
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| ANP stimulates loss of | body fluids and salts through the production of a sodium-rich urine
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| endocrine cells are | scattered within the epithelium of the digestive tract and other gut-derived organs
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| the epithelial cells, which have some...properties, make up the... | neuron-like...diffuse neuroendocrine system
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| there are many classes of...cells, some of which secrete hormones that ... | diffuse neuroendocrine system...regulate digestion
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| the placenta secretes hormones of | pregnancy
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| the kidney secretes | rennin and erythropoietin
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| the skin produces | vitamin D
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