Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
HA Ch. 17 (18)
The Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the nervous system and the endocrine system function together to | monitor and adjust physiological activities for the regulation of homeostasis |
| homeostasis is the maintenance of a | relatively constant internal environment |
| the regulatory effects of the endocrine system are...compared to the... | long-term ongoing metabolic processes...short-term effects of the nervous system |
| endocrine organs are..into... | ductless glands that release hormones...blood or lymph |
| hormones are | messenger molecules that travel in the circulatory vessels and signal phsyiological changes in target cells |
| hormonally regulated processes include | reproduction, growth, mobilization of body defenses against stress, maintenance of the proper chemistry of the blood and body fluids and regulation of cellular metabolism |
| the endocrine organs are | small and widely separated from one another within the body |
| the pure endocrine organs are the | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands |
| other organs that contain endocrine cells are the | gonads, pancreas, kidney, alimentary canal, heart, thymus and skin |
| the hypothalamus of the brain is a | neuroendocrine organ |
| endocrine organs are richly | vascularized |
| although most endocrine cells are | modified epithelial cells, others are neurons, muscle cells, or fibroblast-like cells |
| most hormones are either | amino acid derivatives or steriods |
| amino acid derivates include | amines, peptides and proteins |
| steroids are | lipid based molecules derived from cholesterol |
| hormones produce their effects by leaving the | capillaries and binding to specific receptor molecules in or on their target cells |
| such binding triggers a | preprogrammed response in the target cell |
| endocrine organs are stimulated to release their hormones by | humoral, neural or hormonal stimuli |
| hormonal secretion is controlled by | feedback loops |
| the hypothalamus of the brain regulates | many functions of the endocrine system through the hormones it secretes |
| the golf club-shaped...is suspended from the | pituitary gland...diencephalon of the brain by its stalk (infundibulum) |
| the pituitary gland lies in the | hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone |
| the pituitary gland consists of an | anterior adenohypophysis and a posterior neurohypophysis |
| the anterior adenohypophysis has three pars | pars distalis, pars intermdedia, pas tuberalis |
| pars distalis (anterior lobe) is the | largest, anteriormost part of the adenohypophysis |
| cells in the pars distalis cluster into | spheres and branching cords |
| the five cell types of the pars distalis secrete | seven protein hormones |
| somatotropic cells secrete...and are the most | growth hormone...abundant cells in the pars distalis |
| mammotropic cells secrete | prolactin |
| thyrotropic cells secrete | thryoid stimulating hormone |
| corticotropic cells secrete | adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| gonadotropic cells secrete | follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone |
| growth hormone (somatotropic) stimulates | growth of the body and skeleton |
| prolactin signals | milk production |
| thyrotropic signals the | thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone |
| adrenocorticotropic signals the | adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone causes the | skin to darken |
| follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone together are called | gonadotropins |
| gonadotropins signal the | maturation of sex cells and the secretion of sex hormones |
| four of the seven hormones (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH) stimulate | other endocrine glands to secrete and are called tropic hormones |
| pars intermedia is located just | posterior to pars distalis |
| pars tuberalis is located just | superior to pars intermedia, and wraps around the infundibulum like a tube |
| the posterior neurohypophysis also has three pars | pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, median eminence |
| pars nervosa is the | inferiormost part of the neurohypophysis |
| median eminence is the... | cone shaped portion of the hypothalamus |
| the neurohypophysis does NOT ...it only | make hormones...stores and releases hormones produced in the hypothalamus |
| the pituitary hypophyseal artery supplies the | entire adenohypophysis and the infundibulum |
| the inferior hypophyseal artery supplies the | pars nervosa |
| the hypothalamus of the brain controls the | secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis |
| hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones from the adenohypophysis in the following manner: first, certain hypothalamic nuerons make | releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones, which they secrete into primary capillary plexus in the median eminence |
| the releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones then travel through...to a... | hypophyseal portal veins...secondary capillary plexus in the pars distalis |
| the hormones then leave this plexus to signal...which then enter the... | the adenohypophyseal cells to secrete their hormones...secondary capillary plexus and travel to their target cells throughout the body |
| the neurohypophsis consits of...which contains the... | nervous tissue...hypothalamic hypophyseal axon tract |
| the cell bodies of the neurons that form the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axon tract are located in the | paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus |
| the cell bodies of the neurons that form the tract synthesize...and store them in their | oxtyocin and ADH...axon terminals in the pars nervosa |
| the stored hormones in the neurons of the hypothalamic-hypophseal axon tract are then | released into capillaries when the neurons fire |
| ADH increases | resorption of water from the urine and raises blood pressure |
| oxytocin induces | labor and ejection of milk from the breasts |
| ADH and oxytocin are involved with | social bonding |
| the thyroid gland, which lies on the...consists of... | superior trachea...spherical follicles covered by epithelial follicle cells and separated by a capillary rich CT |
| thyroid follicles are filled with a | colloid of thyroglobulin |
| thyroglobulin is a | storage protein containing thyroid hromone |
| thryoid hormone, which contains...is made continuously by... | iodine and increases basal metabolic rate...follicle cells |
| thyroid hormone is stored within the...until... | follicles...TSH from the pituitary gland signals the follicle cells to reclaim the TH and secrete it into the extrafollicular capillaries |
| parafollicular cells protrude from the ...and secrete the hormone... | thyroid follicles...calcitonin |
| calcitonin can | lower blood calcium concentrations in children |
| several pairs of parathyroid glands lie on the | dorsal aspect of the thyroid gland |
| the chief parathyroid cells are arranged in...and secrete.. | thick, branching cords...parathyroid hormone |
| parathyroid hormone | raises low blood calcium levels |
| the paired adrenal glands lie on the | superior surface of each kidney |
| each adrenal gland has two distinct parts, an | outer cortex and an inner medulla |
| the adrenal medulla consists of | sperical clusters of chromaffin cells |
| upon sympathetic stimulation, these chromaffin cells secrete | epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood |
| the adrenal cortex has three layers, the | zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis |
| outer zona glomerulosa contains cells arranged in | spherical clusters |
| middle zona fasciculata's cells are arranged in | parallel cords |
| inner zona reticularis' cells are arranged in a | branching network |
| the steriod hormones secreted by the...include... | adrenal cortex...mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and dihydroepiandrosterone, DHEA |
| mineralocorticoids from the...conserve...by... | zona glomerulosa...water and sodium...increasing resorption of these substances by the kidney |
| glucocorticoids from the...help the body...by... | zona fasciculata and reticularis...cope with stress...stabilizing blood glucose levels |
| in large quantities, glucocorticoids also | inhibit inflammation in the immune system |
| the androgen dihydroepiandrosterone, DHEA from the...has...functions but they are probably... | zona reticularis...unclear...beneficial |
| steriod-secreting cells, including the cells in the...have an abundant... | gonads that secrete sex hormones...SER, tubular cristae in their mitochondria, abundant lipid droplets, and no secretory granules |
| the pineal gland, on the roof of the...contains | diencephalon..pinealocytes |
| pinealocytes cluster into | spherical clumps and cordsd separated by dense particles of calcium called pineal sand |
| pinealocytes secrete the hormone | melatonin |
| melatonin helps | regulate circadian rhythms |
| pnealocyte secretion is signaled by the | suprachiasmtic nucleus of the hypothalamus through a sympathetic pathway |
| the endocrine structures in the pancrease the the | spherical pancreatic islets |
| the islets contain | alpha, beta, delta, and F cells |
| islet cells are arranged in | twisting cords |
| alpha cells secrete | glucagon |
| glucagon raises | blood sugar levels |
| beta cells secrete | insulin which lowers blood sugar levels |
| the thymus is an important organ of the | immune system |
| the thymus secretes | thymic hormones which are essential for the production of T lymphocytes |
| various cells in the ovaries and testes secrete | steriod sex hormones, estrogens, and androgens |
| some muscle cells in the atria of the heart secrete | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| ANP stimulates loss of | body fluids and salts through the production of a sodium-rich urine |
| endocrine cells are | scattered within the epithelium of the digestive tract and other gut-derived organs |
| the epithelial cells, which have some...properties, make up the... | neuron-like...diffuse neuroendocrine system |
| there are many classes of...cells, some of which secrete hormones that ... | diffuse neuroendocrine system...regulate digestion |
| the placenta secretes hormones of | pregnancy |
| the kidney secretes | rennin and erythropoietin |
| the skin produces | vitamin D |
Created by:
handrzej
Popular Anatomy sets