The Nervous System IV: The Autonomic Division of the Nervous System
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| The ANS is the | general visceral motor division of the PNS
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| The ANS is the system of | motor neurons that innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
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| the ANS regulates...and coordinates... | body temp...cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory and reproductive functions
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| fundamentally, the ANS operates at the | subconscious level to accomplish routine physiological modifications to the organ systems
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| the ANS performs processes that maintain | homeostasis
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| the ANS and SNS have | afferent and efferent neurons
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| the ANS and SNS differ in | receptor and effector organ location
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| in the somatic motor division of the nervous system, a single | lower motor neuron forms the pathway from the CNS to contact and exert direct control over skeletal muscles
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| in the ANS, | afferent pathways originate in visceral receptors, and efferent pathways connect to visceral effector organs
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| the ANS and SNS also differ in the | arrangement of the neurons connecting the CNS to the effector organs
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| autonomic motor pathways consist of | chains of two neurons
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| the PREganglionic neuron | a visceral motor neuron whose cell body is in the CNS
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| the preganglionic neuron sends its axons, called...to... | preganglionic fibers..synapse on the ganglionic neuron
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| the ganglionic neuron is a nueron whose cell body is in an | autonomic ganglion which sends its axons, called POSTganglionic fibers to peripheral tissues and organs such as cardiac and smooth muscles, adipose tissue and glands
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| the postganglionic fibers of ganglionic neurons carry impulses | away from the ganglion
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| the postganglionic fibers cell bodies are | within ganglia
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| the ANS has | parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
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| the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions both innervate many of the | same organs but produce opposite effects
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| the parasympathetic division is active during the | rest and digest mode
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| the parasympathetic division is | craniosacral and has comparatively long preganglionic axons
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| the long preganglionic axons of the parasympathetic divions synapse on | neurons of terminal ganglia or neurons of intramural ganglia
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| the sympathetic division prepares the body for the | fight or flight mode
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| the sympathetic division is | thoracolumbar and has compararitevly long postganglionic axons
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| the two divisions differ in the ...they release at the... | neurotransmitter...effector organ
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| all preganglionic terminals release | ACh and are stimulatory
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| plasmalemma receptors in the preganglionic terminals determine | whether the response will be stimulatory or inhibitory
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| acetylcholine is released by | all parasympathetic postganglionic fibers and may be stimulatory or inhibitory
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| norepinephrine is released by | most sympathetic postganglionic fibers, effects are usually stimulatory
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| the parasympathetic division consists of | preganglionic neurons in the brain stem and in the lateral portion of the anterior gray horns of S2-S4
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| the preganglionic neuron's fibers leave the brain in | CN III, VII, IX and X
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| preganglionic fibers in ... of the parasympathetic division innervate...and they synapse in the | CN III, VII, and IX...visceral structures in the head ... ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia
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| short postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division then connect to their | peripheral target organs or tissues
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| preganglionic fibers in ...of the parasympathetic division synapse in... | CN X...intramural ganglia within structures in the thoracic cavity and in the abdominopelvic cavity
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| the vagus nerve provides roughly | 75% of all parasympathetic outflow
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| the sacral outflow | does NOT join the ventral rami of the spinal nerves in the parasympathetic division
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| the preganglionic fibers of the sacral outflow of the parasympathetic division form | distinct pelvic nerves
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| the distinct pelvic nerves innervate | intramural ganglia in the kidney and urinary bladder, the terminal portions of the large intestine and the sex organs
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| preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division release | ACh and stimulate ganglionic neurons
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| all postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division release | ACh at neuroeffector junctions
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| major parasympathetic effects center on | relaxation, food processing, and energy absorption
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| general functions of the parasympathetic division include | pupil restriction, hormone secretion for nutrient absorption, increased digestive tract activity, defecation activities
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| general functions of the parasympathetic division also includes | urinary bladder contraction, respiratory passageway constriction, decreased heart rate and sexual arousal
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| the parasympathetic division performs...including the | digestive gland secretion....salivary glands, gastric glands, duodenal and other intestinal glands, the pancreas and the liver
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| all parasympathetic neurons are | cholinergic
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| all parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers release | ACh at synapses and neuroeffector junctions
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| effects of neurotransmitter release in the parasympathetic division are | short lived bec of the actions of enzymes at the postsynaptic plasmalemma and in the usrrounding tissues
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| two different types of ACh receptors in the postsynaptic plasmalemmae of the parasympathetic division include | nicotinic and muscarinic
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| nicotinic receptors are located on | ganglionic cells of both division of the ANS and at neuromuscular synapses
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| exposre to ACh causes nicotinic | excitation by opening plasmalemmae channels
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| muscarinic receptors are located at | neuroeffector junctions in the parasympathetic division and those cholinergic neuroeffector junctions in the sympathetic division
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| stiumulation of muscarinic receptors produces a | longer-lasting effect than does stimulation of nicotinic receptors
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| cranial parasympathetic fibers arise in the | brain stem of CN III, VII, IX, AND X
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| cranial parasympathetic fibers synapse in | ganglia in the head, thorax, and abdomen
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| cranial outflow fibers in CN VII serve the | submandibular, sublingual, lacrimal, and nasal glands
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| fibers in CN VII synapse in the | submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglia
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| cranial outflow fibers in CN IX serve the | parotid gland and synapse in the otic ganglion
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| parasympathetic fibers in the vagus nerve innervate | organs in the thorax and most of the abdomen, including the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, liver and most of the intestines
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| fibers in the vagus nerve of cranial outflow are | preganglionic
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| almost all ganglionic neurons of cranial outflow are located in | intramural ganglia within the organ walls
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| sacral outflow; sacral parasympathetic pathways innervate | the pelvic viscera
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| the preganglionic fibers of sacral outflow exit from the | visceral motor region of the gray matter of the spinal cord
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| preganglionic fibers of the sacral outflow form the | pelvic splanchnic nerves
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| most of these fibers (sacral outflow) synapse in | intramural ganglia in the kidney, bladder, latter portions of the large intestine and sex organs
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| visceral motor nuclei of the parasympathetic division are associated with | CN III, VII, IX, AND X and with sacral segments S2-S4
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| ganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division are located in | terminal or intramural ganglia near or within target organs
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| parasympathetic fibers innervate | areas controlled by cranial nerves and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| all parasympathetic neurons are | cholingeric
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| parasympathetic effects are usually | short-lived and restricted to specific target areas
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| the sympathetic division consits of | preganglionic neurons between T1 and L2
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| sympathetic division consists of ganglionic neurons in | sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia
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| chain ganglia innervate | effectors in the body wall, head and neck, limbs, and inside the thoracic cavity
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| collateral ganglia innervate | effectors in the abdominopelvic cavity
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| sympathetic division has | specialized neurons within the suprarenal glands
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| the preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies of the sympathetic division are in the | lateral horn of the spinal gray matter from the level of T1 to L2
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| the sympathetic division supplies some | peripheral structures that the parasympathetic division doesn't
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| peripheral structures supplied by the sympathetic division include | arrector pili, sweat glands, and the smooth muscle of blood vessels
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| sympathetic ganglia include...pairs of... | 22-24...sympathetic trunk ganglia and one unpaired collateral ganglia
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| trunk ganglia are also called | chain ganglia and paravertebral ganglia
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| trunk ganglia are linked together to form | sympathetic trunks on both sides of the vertebral column
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| collateral ganglia are also called | prevertebral ganglia
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| collateral ganglia lie on the | aorta in the abdomen, located anterior to the vertebral column
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| preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are...and release...and stimulate... | cholinergic...ACh (excitatory)...ganglionic neurons
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| most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division release | NE at neuroeffector junctions, causing a fight or flight response
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| sympathetic chain ganglia; every preganglionic sympathetic fiber leaves the | lateral gray horn of the thoracolumbar spinal cord through a ventral root and spinal nerve
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| from there, sympathetic preganglionic fiber run in a | white ramus communicans (myelinated) to a sympathetic trunk ganglion or collateral ganglion
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| preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse with the | ganglionic neuron that extends to the visceral effector
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| many preganglionic axons ascend or descend in the | sympathetic trunk to synapse in a ganglion at another body level
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| in each sympathetic chain, there are | 3 cervical, 11-12 thoracic, 2-5 lumbar and 4-5 sacral ganglia and 1 coccygeal sympathetic ganglion
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| every spinal nerve of the sympathetic division has a | gray ramus that carries sympathetic postganglionic fibers
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| only thoracic and superior lumbar ganglia of the sympathetic division recieve | preganglionic fibers via white rami
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| the cervical, inferior lumbar, and sacral chain ganglia of sympathetic division receive | preganglionic innervation from collateral fibers of sympathetic division
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| every spinal nerve of the sympathetic division receives a | gray ramus from a ganglion of the sympathetic chain
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| in the sympathetic pathway to the body periphery the preganglionic fibers synapse in the...and the postganglionic fibers run in...to the... | sympathetic trunk ganglia...gray rami communicantes...dorsal and ventral rami of the spinal nerves for peripheral distribution
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| in the sympathetic pathway to the head preganglionic fibers synapse in the... | superior cervical ganglion
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| sympathetic pathway to the head; from there, most | postganglionic fibers associated with a large artery that distributes them to the glands and smooth musculature of the head
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| in the sympathetic pathway to thoracic organs most preganglionic fibers synapse in the...and the postganglionic fibers run | nearest s sympathetic trunk ganglion...directly to the organs (lungs and esophagus)
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| many post ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division go to the...however..descend from the... | heart...cervical ganglia in the neck
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| in the sympathetic pathway to the abdominal organs, preganglionic fibers run in...to synapse in | splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, lumbar, and sacral) ...collateral ganglia on the aorta
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| from these ganglia(preganglionic fibers of collateral ganglia), the postganglionic fibers follow | large arteries to the abdominal viscera (stomach, liver, kidney, and most of the large intestine
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| in the sympathetic pathway to pelvic organs, the preganglionic fibers synapse in | sympathetic trunk ganglia or in collateral ganglia on the aorta, sacrum, and pelvic floor
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| postganglionic fibers of collateral ganglia travel through the | most inferior autonomic plexuses to the pelvic organs
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| the splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division innervate the | hypogastric plexus and three collateral ganglia
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| the celiac ganglion of the splanchnic nerves innervate | the stomach, liver, pancreas, and spleen
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| the superior mesenteric ganglion of the splechnic nerves innervate the | small intestine and initial segments of the large intestine
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| the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the splechnic nerves innervate the | kidney, bladder, sex organs and terminal segments of the large intestine
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| the adrenal glands of the adrenal medulla in the sympathetic division individually located | superior to each kidney
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| the adrenal glands contain a | medulla of modified post ganglionic sympathetic neurons
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| medulla of postganglionic sympathetic neurons secrete the | hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine into the blood
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| adrenal medulla secretions result in teh | surge of adrenaline felt during excitement
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| some preganglionic fibers of the adrenal medulla | do NOT synapse as they pass through both the sympathetic chain ganglia and collateral ganglia
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| the preganglionic fibers of the adrenal medulla that don't synapse enter | one of the suprarenal glands instead and synapse on modified neurons within the suprarenal medulla
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| the cells of the adrenal medulla are innervated by | preganglionic sympathetic neurons
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| preganglionic sympathetic fibers of adrenal medulla signal the secretion of the hormones | epinephrine and norepinephrine into the ciruculation which causes prolonged sympathetic innervation effect
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| there are 2 classes of sympathetic receptors which are stimulated by NE and E are | alpha receptors and beta receptors
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| alpha receptors respond to | stimulation by depolarizing the plasmalemma
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| beta receptors respond to | stimulation by changing the metabolic activity of the cells
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| most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are | adrenergic (release NE) but a few are cholinergic
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| postganglionic fibers of sympathetic division innervate | sweat glands of the skin and blood vessels to skeletal muscles are cholinergic
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| the sympathetic division consists of ...segmentally arranged...that lie...to the vertebral column | 2...sympathetic chains...lateral
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| the sympathetic division also contains...that lie..to the vertebral column | 3 collateral ganglia..anterior
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| lastly, the sympathetic division contains | 2 suprarenal medullae
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| preganglionic fibers of sympathetic division are relatively | short except for those of the suprarenal medulla
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| postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are quite | long
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| ...typically occurs in the sympathetic division | extensive divergence
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| a single preganglionic fiber of the sympathetic divison synapses with | many ganglionic neurons in different ganglia
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| all preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are | cholinergic
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| most postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division are | adrenergic
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| effetor response of the sympathetic division depends on the | nature and activity of the receptor
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| in a crisis...occurs, in which the... | sympathetic activation...entire sympathetic divison responds
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| the effects of the sympathetic division include | increased alertness, a feeling of energy and euphoria, increased cardio and respiratory activity, general elevation in muscle tone and mobilization of energy reserves
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| organs with dual innervation receive | insrtuctions from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS
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| nerves from both division | intermingle to form nerve plexuses
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| dual innervation plexuses include | cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, celiac, inferior mesenteric and hypogastric
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| visceral motor functions of the ANS are influenced by the | medulla oblongata, periaqueductal gray matter, spinal visceral reflexes, hypothalamus and amygdala and cerebral cortex
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| visceral reflexes of ANS are the...and provide...that can be..by... | simplest functions of the ANS...automatic motor responses...modified, facilitated, or inhibited...higer centers, especially in the hypothalamus
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| higher brain centers in the posterior and lateral hypthalamus are involved in | coordination and regulation of sympathetic division
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| portions of the anterior and medial hypothalamus are involved in | the control of parasympathetic functioning
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| some people can voluntarily regulate some | autonomic activities by gaining extraordinary control over their emotions
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