Terms
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| Russo-Japanese War | battle over Manchuria and Korea; Japan won are proved that they are a Great Power; Russia- stiffle czar critisism and secure Vladiviostak; Russia losses
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| Alexander III | son of Alexander II (freed serfs); reactionary and silenced even peaceful criticism
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| pograms | work/labor camps for the Jews and political dissenders in Russia; worsest up until that point
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| Russification | oppostie of nationalism; forced assimulation of Ukraines, Poles, Lithuanians, etc into Russian culture; led by Alexander III
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| Pobiedonostev | leader of Russification, procurator of Holy Synod; saw west as alien and bad, attacked rationalism and liberalism
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| Constitutional Democrats | aka Cadets; 'constitutionalists' that worried more about the need of an elected parliament than troubles of factories and peasansts; rising business and professional clasess, landownders
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| mirs | peasant village farmning communtities
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| Kulaks | more wealthy (but still really poor) peasants; 'big farmers' who could own and lease a small part of land; later hated
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| populists | most of revolutionary intelligentsia; interested in peasant problems and welfare; admired the mirs and read Marx/Engels; capitalism did not have to seceede socialism; revolution will come soon
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| Social Revolutionaries | supported peasant revolution;
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| Social Democrats | supported a working class revolution
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| Bolsheviks | 'majority' of Social Revolutionaries; revolution now, dont wait to industrialize
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| Mensheviks | 'minority'; revolution needs to wait for industrialization
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| Bloody Sunday | a group of peaceful protesters tried to tell their issues to czar Nicholas II; he was out of town, torrps paniched and killed 100s
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| soviets | councils of workers; main one is in St. Petersburg
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| Ocotober Manifesto | czar promised a constitution, civil liberties, and Duma; divided oppostition (threw a bone); constitutional Dem, others figured it was a deception (which it was)
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| Father Gapon | priest who believed that the czar just didn't realize that there were problems in Russia; led group that caused Bloody Sunday
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| Duma | Russian parliament; never had much power - no power over foreign policy, budget or gov personnel; 4 dumas
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| Peter Stolypin | wanted to build up propertied classes as friends of Russia; believed a state had little to fear if it was supported by intellectuals; broadened powers of zemstvos; unwilling support from czar and hate from revolutionaries; killed
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| Pravada | Bolshevik party paper (freedom of Russian press)
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| Little Father | aka the czar Nicholas II
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| Alexandra | czarina (who was kinda crazy); German and hated all Russians outside of her family
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| Rasputin | self-appointed holy man; cured Alexandras son of hemophillia; assassinated
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| Petrograd Soviet | "the" soviet to be in; where Bolsheviks first gained popularity (among the soviets); equivalent to Paris Commune
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| Provisional Government | continued the war, said they would help redistriubte land but never did; overthrown by Bolsheviks
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| Alexander Kerensky | a moderate Social Revolutionist; only socialist in PG; named head of PG; blaimed him for allowing counterrevolutionary plot under his gov; abandoned
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| Order No. 1 | Petrograd Soviets declared that command in the army was controled by committes elected by officers and soldiers; fearing reactionary officers; it worked
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| General Kornilov | reactionary military commander; lead counterrevolutionary attempt, support by both Left and Right (to defeat soviets); failed
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| Russian Congress of Soviets | pre-replacement of PG; Lenin and Bolshevik led government; call this until Lenin declared PG extint
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| Counil of People's Commissars | declared PG defunct; new name for Russian Congress of Soviets; so new Russain government; Lenin- head; Trotsky- military; Stalin- commissar for nationalities
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| Leon Trotsky | foreign affairs; similar to Robespierre
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| communist Party | renamed Bolshevik party
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| Cheka | Lenin's political police; 'All Russian Commission of Struggle Against Counterrevolution, Speculation, and Sabatoge'
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| KGB | eventual successor of Cheka
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| Red Army | Russian/communist Army; led by Trotsky
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| war communism | nationalized largest industries, but most still under workers' committees
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| Vladivostok | Allied countries wanted Bolsheviks to go down; planned to recapture Russia by starting at this city and movie east to Moscow in Russian Civil War
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| Whites | the enemies of the Reds in the russian Civil War; made of Russians, US, and Japan
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| Red Terror | physical extermination of those who opposed the communist regime; carried out by Lenin and the Cheka
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| Kronstadt | sailors here were among first adherants to Bolshevism; began to object to domination of Soviets; killed, like Hebertists
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| Constituent Assembly | the new Russian government
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| USSR | Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; 15 'republics', Russia leading country; split into nationalities
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| Supreme Soviet | elected government of USSR; mostly just for show
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| Soviet of Nationalities | upper house of Supreme Soviet; representatives of all regions and cultural districts- mostly Russian and Slavic
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| Soviet of the Union | lower house
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| Communitst Party | real leaders of the USSR
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| Central Committee | largest, starting place within the party; 70+ members
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| Politburo | 12 or so members; select few from CC; dominated discussion of party and had authority over all levels
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| General SEcretary | leader of the Politboro; calls all the shots; similar to a president (ex: Lenin, Stalin, Krushchev)
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| NEP | New Economic Plan; allowence of some capital to build up - maybe kinda easing up?? but we'll never know cause BAM assassination
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| Leningrad | Petrograd/St. Petersburg
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| permanent revolution | an incessand drive for proletariat objectives on all fronts in all parts of the world; Stalin attempting to force communism down Europe's throat; cause of fascism
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| Five-Year Plan | launched in 1928; rapid industrialization and collectivisation of agriculture; causes great famine in Ukraine
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| Gosplan | agency that administered the first 5Year Plan; determined how much of a national effort should go into formation of capital and how much should go to daily consumption
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| collectivization | originally only 1/5 of Russain farms, but plan eventually included mostly all Russian farms; collective farms owned by peasants as a whole; lead to famine
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| stakhanovites | 'labor heroes' who increased productivity
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| Serge Kirov | Stalin's oldest alliance; assassinated by Stalin, igniting the start of the Great Terror
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| Great Terror | Stalin's purge of his political enemies; killed 3 million +
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| Old Bolsheviks | originial Bolsheviks; Stalin murdered almost all during GT; they 'confessed' for crimes after months of torture
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| Comminterm | communist international
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