Chapter 13 - Terms
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| Wallachia and Moldovia | occupied by Austria during Crimean War; to keep Russians out fo the Balkan Peninsula; become independenct after Crimean Wars - Romania
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| Roman See | the pope
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| Italian Risorgimento | dream of Italian rewurgence; desire for liberal national state of ancient times
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| Mazzini | moral leader/philosopher behind Italian unification; would inspire and write the books
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| Cavor | the politician behind Italian unification; used war to unify Italy and Sardinia
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| Garibald | the brawns (muscle) behind Italian unification
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| Victor Emmanuel II | king of the Kingdom of Italy;
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| doctrine of nationalities | NIII wanted to consolidate nations as a historical step
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| Magenta and Soferino | French and Piedmont victory over Austria
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| Turin | capital of Piedmont- representatives of all North Italy; Venetia met here for 1st Parliament of enlargened Kingdom
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| Nice and Savoy | NIII approved of new Piedmont nation and so annexed to France; okayed by plebicites
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| Garibaldi's Thousand | "Red Shirts" personal followers of Gar who were armed for an expedition ot the south; Italian unification is the goal
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| Red Shrits | names for Gariabaldi's Thousand
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| Naples (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies) | corrupt gov of Naples quickly crumbles in presense of Gar and his 1000; plebicite in 2 kingdoms almost unanimously decides to join Italy
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| irrendentism | Italy wanting, on nationalist views, to annex land in regions outside of its boarders; their 'rightful Italian land'
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| Crimean War | Russia vs Turkey, France, GB, Kidgom of Sardinia (Piedmont), Austria
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| Peace of Paris | Ottoman Empire is maintained (lesser of two evils); Moldovia and Wallachia vecome self-governing Romania; Serbia becomes self-governing; No Russian military on the Balc Sea; Danube River=international
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| Otto von Bismark | Realpolitik; anti-liberalism, democracy and socialism; didn't trust the west; created unified German state through Prussia
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| Schieswig and Hostein | first step to German unification was war with Denmark; Prussia wanted to claim these German states as their own
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| Seven Week's War | second step to unification was war with Austria; "follow us, not them", prove that Prussia is the real German leader
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| North German Confederation | governments of annexed lands disappeared; 1867- Prussia and 21 other German states form this; Prussia is the ruling state
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| Main | this river separated North German Conferation from Austria and other German states
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| Reichstag | lower chamber in NGC government; elected by universal male sufferage; kinda just for show, Bismark running the show
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| Ferdinand Lassalle | had socialist followers; believed it possible to improve w/c conditions through the action of gov.; opposite of Marx; birth of revisionist marxism
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| Prince Leopold | Hohenzoller who was king of Prussia, but let Bismark call all the shots; eliible for the Spanish throne, declined thrice before accepting; France eventually convinced him to give it up
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| Ems dispatch | king at Ems and French diplomat had discussion and king telegraphed it to Bismark; edited it, and sent it to papers; evoked negative pubilc reation, leading to Prussia/NGC war with France (Franco-Prussian War)
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| Battle of Sedan | France surrenders to Prussia; NapIII taken as prisoner; Franco-Prussian War ended quickly
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| Third Republic | after NIII was taken from poweer, insurrection in Paris on Sep 4 declares Fr a republic
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| Hall of Mirrors | room in palace of Versailles that Bismark declared the German Empire (1871); sticking it to the French
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| Alsace and Lorraine | Bismark demanded that these territories be given to Germany; although these people spoke German, tey were culturally more French
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| Treaty of Frankfurt | France aggreed to pay Germany 5 billion gold francs; cede Alsace-Lorraine; treaty of Franco-Prussian war
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| Ausgleich | compromise of 1867 between Germans and Magyars; created a dual monarchy
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| Dual Monarchy | Austria-Hungary has 2 governments, but ruled by same Hapsburg; basically independent, but again, common ruler in Francis Joseph
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| Leith | West of river was Empire of Austria; east of river Kingdom of Hungary
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| Budapest | delegates of two parliaments (Austria/Hungary) met at city and Vienna separately
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| "enourmous village" | nickname of Russia
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| Westernizers | those who favored further westernization of Russia
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| Slavophiles | those who were proud of their eastern, slavic background; thought Russia should be modeled after them
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| intelligentsia | know the difference between east and west; the smart, intellectual wealthier non-nobles
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| Alexander II | was willing to compromise, but was therefore more of a threat to revolutionists; why? gets people on left to come with him, dividing the revolutionaries and saving the system; assassinated because of this
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| Act of Emancipation | Alexander II; all serfs were set free from the land owned by nobels; mirs replaced old noble farms
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| mir | Russian peasant village assembly; after emancipation, rather than est peasant private property, land become 'collective property' of the mir; served as a form of local gov (mir replace landlords)
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| zemstvos | the leaders/people in charge of the mirs; governmental like system; took orders from Moscow; replaced landlords
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| Duma | Russian parliament-type thing
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| nihilists | those who favored complete destruction of the system; welcomed violence
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| Bakunin and Nechaiev | Russian revolutionaries associated with the nihilist movements
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| Catechism of a Revolutionist | written by Bakunin and Nechaiev; called for complete anihilation of the Russian system
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| People's Will | planting revolutionary seeds among peasants, students and workers through propaganda, and to bring that revolution into effect through targeted violence against government family members; led by Volya
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| Alexander III | led Russification of Russia; anti-west; 'last true autocrat'; Repression of opponents; Undoing the reforms of his father; restore Russia’s position internationally and national identity, which he believed had been diluted throughout the C19th.
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| Edict of 1864 | Alexander II; allowed for a duma
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