The Nervous System III: The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| show | outside the brain and spinal cord
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| show | almost every part of the body
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| show | cord-like organs in the PNS consisting of many axons arranged in parallel bundles which are enclosed by successive wrappings of CT
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| show | external tough fibrous CT sheath surrounding a whole nerve, which consists of several fascicles and blood vessels
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| show | bundles of neuronal axons
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| show | CT surrounding each fascicle
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| the perineurium forms the | show 🗑
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| endoneurium | show 🗑
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| most nerves are | show 🗑
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| show | PNS via cranial and spinal nerves
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| the PNS is further subdivided into two divisions | show 🗑
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| the sensory (afferent) division contains | show 🗑
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| show | somatic, branchial, and visceral motor areas
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| the visceral motor areas comprise the | show 🗑
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| show | most of the same organ but generally cause opposing or antagonistic effects
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| the divisions of the ANS are | show 🗑
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| show | rest and digest
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| sympathetic | show 🗑
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| basic structural components of the PNS | show 🗑
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| show | stimuli from inside and outside the body then initiate impulses in sensory axons
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| the two main categories of peripheral sensory receptors | show 🗑
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| complete receptor cells = | show 🗑
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| show | location of their stimuli, they type of stimuli detected and their structure
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| show | axon terminals of motor neurons that innervate effectors
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| effectors are | show 🗑
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| innervation of skeletal muscles - neuromuscular junctions are also known as | show 🗑
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| show | neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
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| ACh induces | show 🗑
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| motor unit | show 🗑
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| innervation of visceral muscle and glands - simpler arrangement | show 🗑
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| show | cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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| show | cluster of peripheral cell bodies
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| show | PNS ganglion containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons
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| spinal nerves | show 🗑
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| 31 pairs = | show 🗑
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| the first branch of each spinal nerve in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions become the...which contains...that continue to an | show 🗑
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| show | unmyelinated fibers...gray ramus and the autonomic nerve
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| gray ramus | show 🗑
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| autonomic nerve | show 🗑
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| show | white and gray rami, which collectively carry visceral motor fibers to and from a nearby autonomic ganglion associated with the sympathetic division of the ANS
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| T1-L2's spinal nerves have four branches | show 🗑
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| show | a dorsal root and a ventral root
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| show | sensory fibers arising from cell bodies in a dorsal root ganglion
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| a ventral root contains | show 🗑
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| show | converge and exit the vertebral column as spinal nerves, which branch out as the dorsal ramus and the ventral ramus
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| show | dorsum of the neck and trunk and specific segment of the skin
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| show | anterior and lateral regions of neck and trunk and all regions of the limbs
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| together the dorsal and ventral rami supply | show 🗑
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| each pair of spinal nerves monitors a | show 🗑
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| dermatome | show 🗑
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| show | damage to either a spinal nerve or DRG will produce a characteristic loss of sensation in specific areas of the skin
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| nerve plexuses are | show 🗑
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| show | pairs in the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral regions
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| nerve plexus primarily serves the | show 🗑
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| show | neck, is buried deep in the neck, under the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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| the cervical plexus is formed by | show 🗑
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| show | skin of neck, back of head and most superior region of shoulder
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| show | diaphragm
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| show | upper extremity/limb
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| brachial plexus lies partly in the | show 🗑
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| show | ventral rami of C5-T1
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| brachial plexus innervates the | show 🗑
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| the bracial plexus is composed of | show 🗑
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| the roots of the ventral rami of C5-T1 converge to form the | show 🗑
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| trunks (superior, middle, inferior) -each of which divides into an | show 🗑
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| division - each division then converge to form | show 🗑
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| cords | show 🗑
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| show | anterior division on the superior and middle trunks
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| medial cord is formed by a | show 🗑
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| posterior cord is formed by the | show 🗑
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| nerves arise from | show 🗑
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| the median nerve is formed by the | show 🗑
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| show | lateral cord
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| ulnar nerve is formed by the | show 🗑
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| show | posterior cord
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| show | posterior cord
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| lumbar plexus | show 🗑
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| lumbar plexus lies within the | show 🗑
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| lumbar plexus is formed by the | show 🗑
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| the lumbar plexus innervates the | show 🗑
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| femoral nerves innervate | show 🗑
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| obturator nerves innervate | show 🗑
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| sacral plexus | show 🗑
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| show | immediately caudal to the lumbar plexus
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| sacral plexus is formed by the | show 🗑
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| show | butt, lower limb, pelvis, and perineum
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| show | thickest and longest nerve in the body
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| sciative nerve innervates all of the | show 🗑
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| show | two nerves wrapped in a common sheath
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| tibial nerve innervates almost | show 🗑
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| show | anterolateral aspect of lower limb
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| superior/inferior gluteal nerves innervate | show 🗑
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| pudendal nerve innervates | show 🗑
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| show | brain and pass through various openings or foramina in the skull
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| CN I - XII | show 🗑
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| show | forebrain
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| show | brain stem
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| show | head and neck structures, except for CNX which extends into the abdomen
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| show | sensory and motor fibers that innervate the head
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| show | receptor organs or within cranial sensory ganglia which lie along CN V, VII-X just external to the brain
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| show | CN nuclei in ventral gray matter of the brain stem
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| show | I, II, VIII
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| show | special somatic sensory fibers for smell, vision, hearing and equilibrium
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| show | III, IV, VI, XI, XII
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| show | general somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the eye and tongue
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| mixed nerves | show 🗑
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| mixed nerves consist of (1) | show 🗑
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| show | general visceral sensory fibers to the mouth, viscera and taste buds
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| mixed nerves consist of (3) | show 🗑
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| CN I | show 🗑
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| show | optic
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| show | occulomotor nerves
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| show | trochlear nerves
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| show | trigeminal nerves
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| show | abducens nerves (adducts eye)
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| show | facial nerves
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| CN VIII | show 🗑
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| CN IX | show 🗑
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| CN X | show 🗑
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| CN XI | show 🗑
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| CN XII | show 🗑
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| olfactory nerves carry | show 🗑
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| show | olfactory receptor cells located in the olfactory epithelia of the nasal cavity
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| show | olfactory nerve filaments which pass through the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
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| show | partial or total loss of smell caused by fractured ethmoid bone or lesions of olfactory fibers
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| show | afferent impulses for vision
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| show | contralateral and ipsilateral...retina to form the optic nerves
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| show | optic foramina of the orbits and converge to form the optic chiasma
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| show | optic tracts that enter the thalamus and synapse onto the LGN of the thalamus
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| optic nerve fibers then project from | show 🗑
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| show | visual defects
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| show | blindness in the eye served by the nerve
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| show | partial visual loss
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| oculomotor nerves carry | show 🗑
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| show | 4/6 extrinsic eye muscles that help direct the eye and raise the upper eyelid
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| show | to constrictor muscles of the iris and to the ciliary muscle (lens shape for focusing)
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| show | 4 extrinsic muscles to the midbrain
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| show | eye cannot be moved up or inward
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| at rest, they eye turns | show 🗑
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| show | somatic efferents to and proprioceptor afferents from the superior oblique muscle
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| show | dorsal midbrain and course ventrally around the midbrain to enter the orbits of the eyes via superior orbital fissures of the sphenoid, along with CNIII
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| show | double vision and reduced ability to rotate eye inferolaterally
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| trigeminal nerves carry | show 🗑
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| trigeminal nerves also carry | show 🗑
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| show | afferent fibers run from the face to the pons via supeior orbital fissure of the sphenoid
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| show | skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelid, and nose
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| show | nasal cavity mucosa, cornea, and lacrimal gland
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| show | afferent fibers run from the face to the pons via foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone
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| maxillary division: afferents from | show 🗑
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| mandibular division V3 | show 🗑
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| mandibular division; afferents from | show 🗑
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| show | to...from muscles of mastication
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| show | unknown factors cause CN V inflammation, but may reflect pressure on CN V root
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| show | symptomatic tics, which involves excruciating, stabbing pain that occurs -100x/day
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| show | efferent fibers to and some proprioceptor afferents from the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
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| abducens nerve fibers leave the | show 🗑
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| CN VI paralysis | show 🗑
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| show | mixed fibers which are the chief motor nerves of the face
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| facial fibers arise from the...enter... | show 🗑
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| show | lateral aspect of the face
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| 5 major branches of the face | show 🗑
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| branchial...to and proprioceptor...from the... | show 🗑
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| ANS effeents to | show 🗑
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| show | taste buds of anterior 2/3 of the tongue and from tiny patch of skin on ear
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| show | paralysis of facial muscles on affected side and parital loss of taste sensation
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| show | herpes simplex viral infection which causes inflammation and swelling of CN VIII
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| show | afferent impulses for hearing and equilibrium
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| show | afferents from hearing receptors located within the inner ear of temporal bone, pass through internal acoustic meatus
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| show | brain stem at pons-medulla border
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| show | afferents from equilibrium receptors
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| lesions of CN VII or cochlear receptors cause | show 🗑
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| damage to vestibular division causes | show 🗑
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| show | mixed fibers which innervate part of the tongue and pharynx
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| show | medulla and leave skull via jugular foramen to run to throat
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| show | efferents...afferents...stylopharyngeus muscle which elevates the pharynx during swallowing
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| ANS efferents of glossopharyngeal to | show 🗑
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| afferents of glossopharyngeal conduct | show 🗑
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| show | chemoreceptors in carotid bodies and pressure receptors of carotid sinus
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| show | small area of skin on external ear
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| CN IX damage | show 🗑
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| vagus nerves carry | show 🗑
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| show | extend beyond the head and neck region
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| vagus nerve fibers emerge from | show 🗑
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| brnachial efferents of vagus to | show 🗑
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| show | heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
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| show | thoracic and abdominal viscera, carotid sinus, carotid and aortic bodies, taste buds of posterior tongue, mucosa of larynx and pharynx
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| show | tiny area of skin on external ear and some of membrane lining middle ear
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| show | muscles of larynx and pharynx
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| CN X paralysis | show 🗑
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| show | fatal because these ANS nerves are crucial in maintaining the normal state of visceral organ activity
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| show | cranial roots and spinal roots
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| show | branchial efferents from lateral aspect of medulla to larynx, pharynx and soft palate
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| spinal roots carry | show 🗑
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| show | turn toward injury side due to sternocleidomastoid paralysis, shrugging of the shoulder on the injured side is difficult
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| show | efferents to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
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| show | series of roots from medulla, exit from the skull via hypoglossal canal to travel to the tongue
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| show | tongue muscles allow food mixing and manipulation by tongue during chewing
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| show | tongue movements that contribute to swallowing and speech
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| CN XII damage causes | show 🗑
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| both CNII damaged = | show 🗑
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