The Nervous System III: The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| PNS consists of the nervous system structures | show 🗑
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| the nerves thread through | show 🗑
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| show | cord-like organs in the PNS consisting of many axons arranged in parallel bundles which are enclosed by successive wrappings of CT
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| show | external tough fibrous CT sheath surrounding a whole nerve, which consists of several fascicles and blood vessels
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| fascicles | show 🗑
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| perineurium | show 🗑
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| show | nerve-blood barrier
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| endoneurium | show 🗑
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| most nerves are | show 🗑
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| show | PNS via cranial and spinal nerves
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| the PNS is further subdivided into two divisions | show 🗑
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| show | somatic and visceral sensory areas
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| the motor (efferent) division contains | show 🗑
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| show | autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the brachial motor division
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| show | most of the same organ but generally cause opposing or antagonistic effects
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| the divisions of the ANS are | show 🗑
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| parasympathetic | show 🗑
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| sympathetic | show 🗑
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| basic structural components of the PNS | show 🗑
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| show | stimuli from inside and outside the body then initiate impulses in sensory axons
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| the two main categories of peripheral sensory receptors | show 🗑
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| complete receptor cells = | show 🗑
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| receptors may be classified by the | show 🗑
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| show | axon terminals of motor neurons that innervate effectors
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| show | muscles and glands
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| innervation of skeletal muscles - neuromuscular junctions are also known as | show 🗑
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| show | neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma
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| show | impulses which signal the muscle cell to contract
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| motor unit | show 🗑
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| show | near the smooth muscle or gland cells that are innervated, a motor axon swells into a row of VARICOSITIES(knobs) which contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
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| peripheral nerves and ganglia | show 🗑
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| show | cluster of peripheral cell bodies
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| dorsal root ganglion | show 🗑
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| show | 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from and span the length of the spinal cord
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| 31 pairs = | show 🗑
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| the first branch of each spinal nerve in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions become the...which contains...that continue to an | show 🗑
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| show | unmyelinated fibers...gray ramus and the autonomic nerve
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| show | carries axons that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wall or limbs back to the spinal nerve
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| autonomic nerve | show 🗑
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| rami communicates the | show 🗑
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| show | white ramus, gray ramus, dorsal ramus, ventral ramus
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| show | a dorsal root and a ventral root
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| show | sensory fibers arising from cell bodies in a dorsal root ganglion
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| show | motor fibers arising from cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
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| show | converge and exit the vertebral column as spinal nerves, which branch out as the dorsal ramus and the ventral ramus
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| dorsal ramus supplies | show 🗑
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| ventral ramus supplies | show 🗑
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| together the dorsal and ventral rami supply | show 🗑
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| show | specific region of the body surface (dermatome)
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| show | an area of skin innervated by the cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve
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| show | damage to either a spinal nerve or DRG will produce a characteristic loss of sensation in specific areas of the skin
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| show | complex, interwoven networks of nerves formed by the ventral rami only
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| nerve plexus occurs as | show 🗑
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| nerve plexus primarily serves the | show 🗑
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| show | neck, is buried deep in the neck, under the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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| the cervical plexus is formed by | show 🗑
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| show | skin of neck, back of head and most superior region of shoulder
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| the phrenic nerves of cervical plexus supply the | show 🗑
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| show | upper extremity/limb
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| show | neck and in the axilla
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| brachial plexus formed by the | show 🗑
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| show | pectoral girdle and upper extremity
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| show | five consecutive groups of stems and branches, including the nerves they form
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| the roots of the ventral rami of C5-T1 converge to form the | show 🗑
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| trunks (superior, middle, inferior) -each of which divides into an | show 🗑
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| show | cords
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| show | lateral, medial, posterior
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| show | anterior division on the superior and middle trunks
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| show | continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk
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| posterior cord is formed by the | show 🗑
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| show | one or more trunks or cords whose names indicate their positions relative to the axillary artery which supplies the upper limb
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| show | lateral and medial cords
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| musculocutaneous nerve is formed exclusively by the | show 🗑
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| show | medial cord
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| show | posterior cord
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| radial nerve is formed by the | show 🗑
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| lumbar plexus | show 🗑
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| show | psoas major muscle in the posterior abdominal wall
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| show | ventral T12-L4
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| the lumbar plexus innervates the | show 🗑
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| show | anterior thigh muscles, including quadriceps femoris
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| show | adductor muscle group and some skin on superomedial thigh
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| show | lower extremity/limb
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| sacral plexus lies | show 🗑
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| show | ventral rami of L4-S4
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| the sacral plexus innervates the | show 🗑
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| sciatic nerve is the | show 🗑
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| show | lower limb except anterior and medial thigh regions
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| the sciatic nerve is composed of | show 🗑
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| show | all muscles in posterior lower limb
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| show | anterolateral aspect of lower limb
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| show | gluteal muscles
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| show | muscles and skin of perineum
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| cranial nerves attach to the | show 🗑
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| CN I - XII | show 🗑
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| CN I attaches to the | show 🗑
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| show | brain stem
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| show | head and neck structures, except for CNX which extends into the abdomen
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| show | sensory and motor fibers that innervate the head
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| cell bodies of sensory neurons lie either in | show 🗑
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| show | CN nuclei in ventral gray matter of the brain stem
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| show | I, II, VIII
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| show | special somatic sensory fibers for smell, vision, hearing and equilibrium
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| primarily or exclusively motor nerves | show 🗑
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| show | general somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the eye and tongue
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| mixed nerves | show 🗑
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| mixed nerves consist of (1) | show 🗑
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| mixed nerves consist of (2) | show 🗑
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| show | branchial motor fibers to all pharyngeal arch muscles
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| CN I | show 🗑
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| CN II | show 🗑
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| CN III | show 🗑
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| show | trochlear nerves
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| CN V | show 🗑
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| show | abducens nerves (adducts eye)
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| show | facial nerves
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| show | vestibulocochlear nerves
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| CN IX | show 🗑
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| CN X | show 🗑
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| show | accessory nerves
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| CN XII | show 🗑
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| olfactory nerves carry | show 🗑
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| olfactory nerves arise from | show 🗑
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| show | olfactory nerve filaments which pass through the cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
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| anosmia | show 🗑
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| show | afferent impulses for vision
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| show | contralateral and ipsilateral...retina to form the optic nerves
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| show | optic foramina of the orbits and converge to form the optic chiasma
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| show | optic tracts that enter the thalamus and synapse onto the LGN of the thalamus
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| optic nerve fibers then project from | show 🗑
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| show | visual defects
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| damage to the CNII results in | show 🗑
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| show | partial visual loss
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| oculomotor nerves carry | show 🗑
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| oculomotor nerves innervate | show 🗑
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| autonomic nervous system efferents | show 🗑
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| show | 4 extrinsic muscles to the midbrain
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| oculomotor nerve paralysis | show 🗑
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| show | laterally, upper eyelid droops (ptosis), double vision and trouble focusing on close objects
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| show | somatic efferents to and proprioceptor afferents from the superior oblique muscle
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| show | dorsal midbrain and course ventrally around the midbrain to enter the orbits of the eyes via superior orbital fissures of the sphenoid, along with CNIII
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| show | double vision and reduced ability to rotate eye inferolaterally
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| trigeminal nerves carry | show 🗑
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| show | branchial efferents for chewing muscles
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| ophthalmic division (VI) | show 🗑
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| ophthalmic division innervates | show 🗑
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| ophthalmic division contains afferents from | show 🗑
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| maxillary division (V2) | show 🗑
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| maxillary division: afferents from | show 🗑
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| show | afferent fibers run from the face to pons and pass through the skull via foramen ovale of the sphenoid bone
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| mandibular division; afferents from | show 🗑
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| show | to...from muscles of mastication
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| tic doloureux (trigeminal neuralgia) | show 🗑
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| show | symptomatic tics, which involves excruciating, stabbing pain that occurs -100x/day
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| abducens nerves carry mainly | show 🗑
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| show | inferior pons and enter the orbit of the eye via superior orbital fissure
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| show | eye cannot be moved laterally, at rest, affected eyeball turns medially
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| facial nerves carry | show 🗑
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| show | pons...temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus and run within temporal bone before emerging through stylomastoid foramen
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| show | lateral aspect of the face
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| 5 major branches of the face | show 🗑
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| branchial...to and proprioceptor...from the... | show 🗑
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| ANS effeents to | show 🗑
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| afferents from | show 🗑
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| show | paralysis of facial muscles on affected side and parital loss of taste sensation
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| show | herpes simplex viral infection which causes inflammation and swelling of CN VIII
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| show | afferent impulses for hearing and equilibrium
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| cochlear division of vestibulocochlear nerves carry | show 🗑
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| show | brain stem at pons-medulla border
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| show | afferents from equilibrium receptors
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| show | central or nerve deafness
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| damage to vestibular division causes | show 🗑
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| show | mixed fibers which innervate part of the tongue and pharynx
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| glossopharyngeal nerve fibers emerge from | show 🗑
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| show | efferents...afferents...stylopharyngeus muscle which elevates the pharynx during swallowing
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| ANS efferents of glossopharyngeal to | show 🗑
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| afferents of glossopharyngeal conduct | show 🗑
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| glossopharyngeal afferents from | show 🗑
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| glossopharyngeal afferents also innervate | show 🗑
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| CN IX damage | show 🗑
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| vagus nerves carry | show 🗑
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| vagus nerves; this is the only CN to | show 🗑
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| show | medulla, pass through skull via jugular foramen, and descend through neck into thorax and abdomen
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| brnachial efferents of vagus to | show 🗑
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| show | heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
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| show | thoracic and abdominal viscera, carotid sinus, carotid and aortic bodies, taste buds of posterior tongue, mucosa of larynx and pharynx
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| vagus nerves also innervate | show 🗑
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| show | muscles of larynx and pharynx
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| show | hoarseness or loss of voice, difficulty swallowing, impaired GI mobility
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| total destruction of both CN X is | show 🗑
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| accesory nerves contain | show 🗑
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| show | branchial efferents from lateral aspect of medulla to larynx, pharynx and soft palate
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| show | branchial efferents from superior region of spinal cord to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
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| spinal root injury of one CN XI causes head to | show 🗑
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| show | efferents to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
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| show | series of roots from medulla, exit from the skull via hypoglossal canal to travel to the tongue
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| somatic efferents (hypoglossal nerves) to | show 🗑
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| show | tongue movements that contribute to swallowing and speech
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| CN XII damage causes | show 🗑
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| both CNII damaged = | show 🗑
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