The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
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| show | form a closed delivery system that begins & ends @ the heart
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| show | arteries, capillaries & veins
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| show | smallest branches in the arteries that feed into the capillary beds of body organs & tissues. regulate blood flow into capillary beds by vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
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| show | where blood draining from the capillaries flows
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| artieries & veins act as ____ for blood | show 🗑
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| show | away from
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| show | high
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| veins cary blood _______ the heart | show 🗑
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| show | low
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| exchanges between blood & tissue cells occur through | show 🗑
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| wall of all blood vessels are composed of | show 🗑
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| show | a central blood-containing space that is surrounded by tunics
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| show | tunica interna/ tunica intima; in intimate contact with the blood in the lumen; contains the endothelium
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| show | simple squamous epithelium lines the lumen of all vessels, continuation of the endocardial lining of the heart, forms a slick surface that minimizes friction as blood moves through the vessel lumen
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| show | present in vessels larger than 1mm in diameter; loose connective tissue (basement membrane) supports the endothelium
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| tunica media | show 🗑
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| vasomotor nerve fibers | show 🗑
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| vasoconstriction | show 🗑
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| vasodilation | show 🗑
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| show | tunica adventitia (outermost layer of blood vessel wall) composed of loosely woven collagen fibers, filled w/ nerve fibers & lymphatic vesels; in lg veins (its a network of elastin fibers)
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| show | portects & reinforces the blood vessel & it anchors it to surrounding structures
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| show | "vessels of the vessels" (present in larger vessels; its a system of tiny blood vessels); nurishes the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall
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| arteries | show 🗑
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| systemic arteries | show 🗑
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| show | carry oxygen-poor blood
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| show | elastic, muscular & arterioles
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| elastic artieries | show 🗑
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| show | b.c their large lumen allows them to serve as low-resistance pathways that conduct blood for the heart to medim0sized arteries
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| show | tunica media
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| show | they are relativly inactive, even though the contain substantial amounts of smooth muscle
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| show | (narrowing of arteries) when blood vessels become hard & unyielding, causes blod to flow more intermittently
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| muscular arteries | show 🗑
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| what is present on the face of the tunica media in muscular arteries | show 🗑
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| show | smallest of the arteries; have chiefly smooth muscle with few scattered elastic fibers
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| show | capillary beds
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| show | production of fibrous lesions w/ a core of dead & dying foam cells
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| capillaries | show 🗑
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| what are in their walls? | show 🗑
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| pericytes | show 🗑
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| show | tendons & ligaments
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| what lack capillaries andy how do they receive nutrients | show 🗑
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| capillaries role is to | show 🗑
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| name they types of capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | abundant in skin & muscles;
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| intercellular clefts | show 🗑
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| show | similar to continuous except their endothelial cells are riddled with oval pores, or fenestrations (fenestra=window)
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| show | delicate membrane, or diaphram
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| where are fenestrated capillaries found | show 🗑
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| show | sinusoidal capillaries;leaky capillaries found only in certain organs (liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissues & some endocrine organs); large irreularly shaped lumens are usually fenestrated
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| show | discontinuous
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| Kupffer cells | show 🗑
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| capillary bed | show 🗑
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| show | flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule (capillary bed)
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| show | (1) vascular shunt (metarteriole-thoroughfare channel) (2) true capillaries, he actual excchange vessels
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| show | a short vessel that directly connects the arteriole & venule @ opposite ends of the bed
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| the ___ feeding the bed leads into a _____ which is directly continuous w/ the _____ | show 🗑
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| show | a vessel structurally intermediate between an arteriole & a capillary
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| show | intermediate between a capillary & a venule
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| show | postcapillary venule
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| show | branch off the metarteriole (proximal end of the shunt) & return to the thoroughfare channel (distal end), but can sometimes spring from terminal arteriole & empty directly into the venule
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| show | cuff of smooth muscle fibers; surrounds the root of each true capillary @ the metarteriole & acts as a valve to regulate the flow of blood into the capillary
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| blood flowing through a terminal arteriole may take what routes | show 🗑
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| venules | show 🗑
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| show | smallest venules, consist entirely of endothelium around which a few pericytes congregate
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| show | form when venules join
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| show | (blood reservoirs) refers to veins b.c. up to 65% of the body's total blood supply is found there
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| show | formed from folds of the tunica interna, the resemble the semilunar valves of the heart in both structure & function
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| show | veins that have become tortuous & dilated b.c of incompetent vlaves
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| show | resulting variocosites in the anal veins
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| show | (coronary sinus of the heart & dural sinuses of the brain are highly specialized, flattened veins w extremely thin walls composed only of endothelim)
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| show | where vascular channels unite
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| show | when arteries supplying the same territory often merge bc most organs receive blodd from more than one arterial branch
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| show | the alternate pathways provided by arterial anastomoses
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| arteriovenous anastomoses | show 🗑
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| blood flow | show 🗑
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| BP | show 🗑
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| show | opposition to flow & is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels (peripheral resistance(PR))
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| blood viscosity | show 🗑
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| show | relationship between total blood cessel length & resistance; longer total vessel length, greater resistance encountered
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| show | fluid close to the walls of a tube or channel is slowed by friction as it passes along the wll, whereas fluid in the center of the channel flows more freely & faster
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| show | when the L ventricle contracts & expels blood into the aorta, it imparts kinetic energy to the blood, which in turn stretches the elastic aorta as aortic pressure reaches its peak (*pressure peak)
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| show | aortic pressure drops to its lowest level (approx. 70 80 mm Hg)
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| pulse pressure | show 🗑
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| show | mean arterial pressure; propels the blood to the tissues throughout the cardiac cycle
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| respiratory pump | show 🗑
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| muscular pump | show 🗑
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| show | neural center that oversees changes in the diameter of blood vessels; a cluster of sympathetic neurons in the medulla
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| cardiovascular center | show 🗑
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| vasomotor fibers | show 🗑
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| vasomotor tone | show 🗑
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| show | protects the blood supply to the brain
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| aortic reflex | show 🗑
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| changing levels of oxygen & carbon dioxide help regulate bp via the ____ | show 🗑
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| adrenal medulla hormones are | show 🗑
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| show | enhances the sypathetic fight-or-flight response (increase BP)
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| show | has a vasoconstrictive action
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| show | increases cardiac output & promotes generalized vasoconstriction (except in skeletal & cardiac muscle, where it generally causes vasodilation)
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| what effects does nicotine have | show 🗑
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| show | atrial natriuretic peptide; a peptide hormone produced by the atria of the heart that causes blood volume & BP to decline; antagonizes aldosterone & prods the kidneys to excrete more sodium & h2o fm the body, causing blood volume to drop; also causes gen
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| show | (antidiuretic hormone) produced by hypothalamus & stimulates the kidneys to conserve water, when BP falls to dangerously low levels (sever hemorhage) muchmore ADH is released & helps to restore arterial pressure by causing intense vasoconstriction
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| angiotensin II | show 🗑
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| show | source of several chemicals that affect vascular smooth muscle (as well as blood clotting) ex. peptide endothelin is one of most potent vasocon., released in response to low blood flow, it appears to bring about long-lasting effects by enhancing calcium e
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| PDGF | show 🗑
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| show | nitric oxide; called endotheliumdervied relaxing factor; is released in direct response to a high blood flow & signaling molecules such as acetylcholine & bradykinin (& the vasodilator nitroglycerine) & its released is a 2ndary or consequent response to t
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| show | cyclic GMP 2nd messenger system, promotes both reflex (systemic) & highly localized vasodilaion
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| NO is quickly | show 🗑
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| histamne, prostacyclin, kinins, & certain chemicals are released during | show 🗑
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| show | bp to drop by inhibiting ADH release, by depressing the vasomotor center, & by promoting vasodilation, esp. in skin (accounts for flushed app. of someone who has drunk a gen am of alc
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| show | involves indirect renal mech.
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| when arterial bp declines, special cells inthe kidneys release the enzyme____ | show 🗑
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| renin triggers a series of enzymatic reactions that produce ____ | show 🗑
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| show | hormone that enhances renal reabsorption of sodum, & prods the post pit release DH (promotes more water reabsorption (stimulated by the adrenal cortex)
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| show | points that are compressed to stop blood flow into distal tissues during hemorrhage (ex seriously lacerate your hand, you can slow or stop the bleeding by compressing the radial or brachial artery)
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| hypotension | show 🗑
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| show | temporary low bp & dizziness when they rise sudenly fm reclining or sitting position
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| show | hints poor nutrition, bc poorly nourished are often anemic & have inadequate levels of blood proteins
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| hyper tension | show 🗑
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| about 90% of hypertensie people have___ or ___ ___ in which no underlying cause has been identified | show 🗑
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| secondary hypertension | show 🗑
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| tissue perfusion | show 🗑
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| autoregulation | show 🗑
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| show | (blank)
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| reactive hyperemia | show 🗑
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| active/exercised hyperemia | show 🗑
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| show | reflects the on/off opening & closing of precapillary sphincters in response to local autoregulatory controls
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| diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | tends to force fluids through the capillary walls
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| show | opposes the bp which forces fluid out of the capillaries acting outside the capillaries (back pressure) pushing fluid in
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| show | (oncotic pressure); developed by the abundant plasma proteins in capillary blood (primarily albuminmolecues) approx 26 m Hg
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| net filtrationpressure (NFP) | show 🗑
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| show | any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled & blood coannot circulate normally
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| hypovolemic shock | show 🗑
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| cardiogenic shock | show 🗑
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| vascular system | show 🗑
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| blood islands | show 🗑
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| Blood is carried | show 🗑
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| The three major types of vessels are | show 🗑
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| Arteries carry blood | show 🗑
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| show | toward the heart
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| show | tissue cells
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| Capillaries directly serve | show 🗑
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| show | tunica interna (intima), tunica media, and tunica externa
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| show | Lumen
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| show | reduces friction between the blood and the blood vessels
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| the tunica media | show 🗑
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| show | protects, reinforces and anchors
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| show |
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| Elastic or conducting arteries contain what? & what does this allow? | show 🗑
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| show | specific body organs
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| What type of arteries have the most tunica media of all the vessels? | show 🗑
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| show | Muscular or distributing arteries
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| show | the smallest arteries
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| show | vasoconstriction or vasodilation.
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| Capillaries | show 🗑
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| Capillaries allow for exchange of substances between | show 🗑
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| There are three structural types of capillaries | show 🗑
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| Continuous capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | Continuous capilaries
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| show | are more permeable to fluid and solutes than continuous capillaries
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| Fenestrated capillaries are found | show 🗑
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| show | leaky capillaries with large lumens;
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| show | large molecules (proteins and blood cells) to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues
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| show | in the liver, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, and in some endocrine organs
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| How does Blood flow within Sinusoidal capillaries? | show 🗑
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| Capillary Beds are | show 🗑
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| Capillary Beds consist of | show 🗑
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| show | function as the exchange vessels
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| show | metarteriole-thoroughfare channel connecting an arteriole directly with a postcapillary venule
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| show | A cuff of smooth muscle that surround each capillary at the matearteriole and acts as to regulate blood flow into the capillary
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| show | Venous System
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| show | where capillaries converge
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| Venules allow | show 🗑
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| When venules converge what are formed? | show 🗑
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| Veins are formed | show 🗑
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| show | are relatively thin walled with large lumens
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| Veins contain about ¬¬¬¬¬____% of the blood supply | show 🗑
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| Veins have much _________blood pressure and _______walls than arteries | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Large-diameter lumens, which offer little resistance to flow 2.Valves (resembling semilunar heart valves), which prevent backflow of blood
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| Vascular Anastomoses | show 🗑
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| show | alternate pathways (collateral channels) for blood to reach a given body region
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| If one branch is blocked (regarding Arterial anastomoses) | show 🗑
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| Blood Flow | show 🗑
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| Blood Flow is measured in | show 🗑
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| show | constant when at rest
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| show | Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by its contained blood
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| Blood Pressure (BP) is Expressed in | show 🗑
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| show | Resistance
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| show | Measure of the friction between blood and the vessel walls
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| show | blood viscosity, total blood vessel length, blood vessel diameter
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| If Blood Pressure increases, blood flow _________ | show 🗑
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| show | blood flow_______
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| show | decreases
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| show | the most important factor influencing local blood flow
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| show | alter local blood flow, while the BP remains unchanged
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| Systemic Blood Pressure | show 🗑
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| Systemic Blood Pressure results when | show 🗑
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| Three things about Systemic pressure | show 🗑
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| Arterial BP reflects two factors of the arteries close to the heart | show 🗑
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| Arterial Blood Pressure occurs in | show 🗑
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| show | pulsatile (BP rises and falls)
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| show | When the left ventricle contracts, blood is forced into the aorta producing a peak in pressure (120 mm Hg)
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| Diastolic pressure | show 🗑
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| show | the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
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| Mean arterial pressure (MAP) | show 🗑
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| show | low
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| Low capillary pressure is desirable because | show 🗑
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| show | exchange between the blood and tissues
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| show | steady and changes little during the cardiac cycle
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| The pressure gradient in the venous system is | show 🗑
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| show | even; in spurts
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| Blood pressure varies directly with changes in (2 things) | show 🗑
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| show | venous return, neural and hormonal controls
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| show | Neural Controls and chemical controls
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| show | 1. Alter blood distribution to respond to specific demands 2. Maintain MAP by altering blood vessel diameter
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| show | a cluster of sympathetic nerons in the medulla that controls changes in the diameter of the blood vessels
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| show | detect stretch impulses to the vasomotor center, inhibits its activity and promotes vasodilation of arterioles and veins (Baroreceptor Reflexes)
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| Chemoreceptors | show 🗑
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| The cortex and hypothalamus modify arterial pressure? | show 🗑
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| Blood pressure is regulated by | show 🗑
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| show | carotid and aortic bodies
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| Reflexes that regulate blood pressure are integrated in the | show 🗑
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| show | relays to medullary centers
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| show | Adrenal medulla hormones, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Angiotensin II, Endothelium-derived factors
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| Adrenal medulla hormones | show 🗑
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| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | show 🗑
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| Angiotensin II | show 🗑
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| show | promote vasoconstriction and are released in response to low blood flow
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| Chemicals that Decrease Blood Pressure | show 🗑
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) | show 🗑
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| show | has brief but potent vasodilator effects
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| Inflammatory chemicals | show 🗑
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| Alcohol | show 🗑
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| 2 Long-Term Mechanisms (Renal Regulation) | show 🗑
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| Long-term mechanisms | show 🗑
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| Increased BP (Direct Mechanism) | show 🗑
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| Decreased BP (Direct Mechanism) | show 🗑
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| show | involves the renin-angiotensin mechanism, a dec in BP systemic vasoconstriction
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| Efficiency of the circulation can be assessed by | show 🗑
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| show | pulse and blood pressure, along with respiratory rate and body temperature
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| show | pressure wave caused by the expansion and recoil of elastic arteries
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| Where is Radial pulse taken? | show 🗑
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| How often is radial impulse used? | show 🗑
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| Pulse varies with (3 things) | show 🗑
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| show | the auscultatory method
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| 3 steps of the auscultatory method | show 🗑
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| Systolic pressure | show 🗑
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| show | The pressure when sound disappears is recorded
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| The 2 Alterations in Blood Pressure | show 🗑
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| Hypotension | show 🗑
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| show | condition of sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 or higher
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| 2 types of elevation in In Hypertension are | show 🗑
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| show | normal
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| In Hypertension, Transient elevations can be caused by what 3 things | show 🗑
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| Chronic (persistent) elevation is a major cause of (4 things) | show 🗑
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| show | Orthostatic, Chronic, and Acute
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| show | temporary low BP and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position
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| show | hint of poor nutrition and warning sign for Addison’s disease
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| Acute hypotension | show 🗑
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| What type of hypotension causes a threat to patients undergoing surgery and those in intensive care units? | show 🗑
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| show | Primary (essential) and Secondary
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| show | transient, persistent
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| Risk factors in primary hypertension include | show 🗑
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| Secondary hypertension is due to identifiable disorders, including | show 🗑
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| show | tissue perfusion
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| Blood flow, or tissue perfusion, is involved in (4 things) | show 🗑
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| show | proper tissue function
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| 2 things about Blood velocity | show 🗑
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| show | exchange between blood and tissues
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|
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