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Chapters 2 + 3 (Chemical and Cellular)

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Question
Answer
Where are triglycerides stored?   Fatty Tissue  
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What is the most highly concentrated form of chemical energy?   Triglycerides  
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What is the chemical makeup of triglycerides?   3 fatty acid chains with a glycerol backbone  
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What is the chemical makeup of phospholipids?   Two fatty acid chains, a phosphate group, and a charged functional group  
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What is a main component of the plasma membrane?   Phospholipids  
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What elements make up proteins?   Cartbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen  
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How many different types of amino acids exist?   20  
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Describe the appearance of an alpha helix.   Clockwise twists  
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Describe the appearance of beta pleated sheets.   Repeated folding  
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How do enzymes affect reactions?   Lower activation energy and allow reactions to proceed more quickly  
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What is ATP?   Energy currency of the cell  
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What are the three principal parts of a cell?   Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus  
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What does the plasma membrane do?   Separates inside of the cell from the outside  
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What is the fluid mosaic model?   Portrays the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane as an ever-moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of many different proteins.  
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What is the basic structural framework of the plasma membrane?   Lipid Bilayer  
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What are the three types of lipid molecules?   Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.  
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What are lipids that contain phosphate groups and make up about 75% of the membrane lipids?   Phospholipids  
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What is the polar (water-loving) part of a phospholipid?   Hydrophilic head  
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What is the nonpolar (water-hating) part of a phospholipid?   Hydrophobic tail  
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What is the lipid bilayer portion of the membrane permeable to?   Nonpolar, uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids  
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What is a passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particle's kinetic energy?   Diffusion  
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Which membrane protein extends into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid trails and are firmly embedded in it?   Integral proteins  
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Which of the membrane proteins are not firmly embedded in the membrane and associate more loosely with the polar heads of membrane lipids?   Peripheral proteins  
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What is a protein with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid?   Glycoproteins  
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What acts as a molecular "signature" that enables cells to recognize one another?   Glycocalyx  
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What are pores or holes through which specific ions can flow to get into or out of the cell?   Ion channels  
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What integral proteins change shape to selectively move a substance or ion from one side of a membrane to the other?   Transporters  
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Which integral protein serve as cellular recognition sites?   Receptors  
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What are integral proteins catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell?   Enzymes  
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What can enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or to recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells?   Cell Identity Markers  
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How does the steepness of the concentration gradient influence the diffusion rate of substances across the plasma membrane?   The greater the difference in concentration between the two sides of the membrane, the higher the rate of diffusion.  
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How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?   The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion.  
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How does the mass of the diffusing substance affect the rate of diffusion?   The larger the mass of the diffusing particle, the slower its diffusion rate.  
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How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?   The larger the membrane surface area available for diffusion, the faster the diffusion rate.  
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How does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion?   The greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes.  
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What can diffuse freely through the lipid bylayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins?   Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as O, CO2, N, fatty acids, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins.  
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What do integral, transmembrane proteins form that allow passage of small, inorganic ions that are too hydrophilic to penetrate the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer?   Ion channels  
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What is a passive process that is the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane, moving plasma membranes from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration?   Osmosis  
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The measure of the solution's ability change the volumne of cells by altering their water content is called what?   Tonicity  
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Any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume is what?   Isotonic solution  
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A solution that causes cells shrink due to loss of water by osmosis?   Hypertonic solution  
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What is a solution that causes water molecules to enter cells faster than they can leave, causing red blood cells to swell?   Hypotonic solution  
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How do solutes that are too polar or highly charged to diffuse through the lipid bilayer and too big to diffuse through membrane channels cross the plasma membrane?   Facilitated diffusion  
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How do polar or charged solutes that cannot cross the plasma membrane through any form of passive transport cross the membrane?   Active transport  
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In what process does energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP change the shape of a transporter protien, pumpking a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient?   Primary active transport  
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In what process does the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ conenctration gradient used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients?   Secondary active transport  
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During what process do materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane?   Endocytosis  
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In what process do materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plamsa membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell?   Exocytosis  
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What is a highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands (molecules that bind to specific receptors)?   Receptormediated endocytosis  
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What is a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses?   Phagocytosis  
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What vesicle transport system releases materials from a cell?   Exocytosis  
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In what vesicle transport system do vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of a cell, move across the cell, and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side?   Transcytosis  
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What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles and constitutes about 55% of total cell volume?   Cytosol (intracellular fluid)  
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What are specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction?   Organelles  
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What is a network or protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol?   Cytoskeleton  
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What are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton are composed of the protein actin and are most prevalent at the periphery of a cell?   Microfilaments  
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What are nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that greatly increase the surface area of the cell?   Microvilli  
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What organelle is exceptionally strong, found in parts of the cells subject to mechanical stress, help stabilize the position of organelles, and help attach cells to one another?   Intermediate filaments  
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What is the largest of the cytoskeletal components that help determine cell shape?   Microtubules  
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What organelles are composed of a pair of centrioles, composed of microtubules, and important for cell division?   Centrosomes  
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What numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell?   Cilia  
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What are similar in structure cilia but longer and are able to move an entire cell?   Flagella  
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What is the only example of flagellum in the human body?   Sperm  
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What organelles are the sites of protein synthesis?   Ribosomes  
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What organelles is a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules?   Endoplasmic Reticulum  
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What organelle is continuous with the nuclear membrane and usually folded into a series of flattened sacs studded with ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis, processing, and sorting?   Rough ER  
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What organelle extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules and contains unique enzymes that synthesize fatty acids and steroids?   Smooth ER  
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What organelle receives proteins synthesized on rough ER then modifies, sorts and packages?   Golgi Complex  
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What are small, flattened membranous sacs and two surfaces, one with entry face on rough ER surface and one with exit face on plasma membrane surface?   Cisternae  
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What are membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex?   Lysosomes  
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What group of organelles contain several oxidases that can oxidize substances and toxins?   Peroxisomes  
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What organelles are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce ATP?   Mitochondria  
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What organelle contains DNA ?   Nucleus  
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What is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?   Nuclear envelope  
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What are the many openings that extend through the nuclear envelope and control the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?   Nuclear pores  
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What are the spherical bodies inside the nucleus that function in production ribosomes?   Nucleoli (Nucleolus)  
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What are the hereditary unites located in the nucleus which control cellular structure and direct cellular activities?   Genes  
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What are highly coiled and folded molecules of DNA and proteins associated with it?   Chromosomes  
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What are the threadlike masses of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus?   Chromatin  
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In what process is DNA copied and passed to RNA?   Transcription  
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In what process do the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specify the amino acid sequence that forms a particular protein molecule?   Translation  
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In what phase of the mitotic cycle do chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, and the controsome moves to an opposite pole of the cell?   Prophase  
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In what phase of the mitotic cycle do centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate?   Metaphase  
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In what phase of the mitotic cycle do centromeres split and identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell?   Telophase  
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In what phase of the mitotic cycle does the cytoplasm divide and cleavage furrow around the center of the cell dividing the cytoplasm into separate and equal portions?   Cytokinesis  
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In what phase of the mitotic cycle is the period between cell divisions?   Interphase  
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How many chemical elements exist, and how many are naturally occuring?   112 elements, 92 occur naturally  
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Can you break apart cheimcal elements by ordinary chemical means?   No  
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How many chemical elements are normally present in the human body?   26  
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What are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element?   Atoms  
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What is the charge of an atom with an equal number of protons and electrons?   Zero  
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What depicts the number of protons in an atom?   Atomic number  
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In an atom, what is the sum of its protons and neutrons?   Mass number  
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What are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different pass numbers?   Isotopes  
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What is an element that loses or gains electrons?   Ions  
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What is an ion that gains electrons and has a negative charge?   Anion  
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What is an ion that loses electrons and has a positive charge?   Cation  
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What are the forces that hold atoms together?   Chemical bonds  
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What kind of bond connects ions of opposite charges and often dissolve in water and can conduct electricity?   Ionic bonds  
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What bonds chare electrons?   Covalent bonds  
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What type of covalent bond shares electrons unequally?   Polar (leads to partial charges)  
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What type of covalent bond shares electrons equally?   Non-polar  
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Does oxygen or Hydrogen attract more electrons?   Oxygen  
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What type of bond forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms?   Hydrogen bonds  
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Which is the weakest: ionic bond, covalent bond, or hydrogen bond?   Hydrogen bond  
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What occurs when new bonds form or exisitng bonds break between atoms?   Chemical reactions  
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What is energy stored by matter due to its position?   Potential energy  
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What is energy associated with matter in motion?   Kinetic energy  
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What type of chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs?   Exergonic reactions  
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What type of chemical reaction asborbs more energy than they release?   Endergonic reactions  
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What increases the reaction rates in chemical reactions?   Catalysts  
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What is a liquid or gas in which the solutes of a solution disolve?   Solvent  
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What is a solute that is charged or contains polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water?   Hydrophilic  
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What are molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds that are not water-soluble?   Hydrophobic  
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Do acidic solutions have more H+ or OH- ?   H+  
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What systems in body fluids convert strong acids or bases into weak acids and bases?   Buffer systems  
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What are chemical compounds that help stabilize the pH of a solution by adding or removing protons since most body fluids need to remain within narrow limits?   Buffers  
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What are large carbon-based molecules that carry out complex functions in living systems?   Organic molecules  
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What are the four main types of organic molecules?   Cabohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids  
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What organic molecule functions has a building block and source of energy and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose?   Carbohydrates  
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What chemical elements make up carbohydrates?   Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen  
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What are nonpolar organic molecules important for cell membrane structure, energy storage, and hormone production?   Lipids  
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What kind of fats are usually solid at room temperature and contain only single covalent bonds between fatty acid carbon atoms?   Saturated fats  
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What type of fat contains fatty acids with one double covalent bonds between fatty acid carbon atoms?   Monounsaturated fats  
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What kind of fat contains more than one double covalent bond between fatty acid carbon atoms?   Polyunsaturated fats  
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Most catalysts in body cells are protein molecules called what?   Enzymes  
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Each nucleotide in DNA consists of what three parts?   Nitrogenous bases, sugars, and a phosphate group  
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What are the three types of RNA?   Messenger (traveling copy of a gene), Ribosomal RNA (joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes), and Transfer RNA (binds to an amino acid and holds it in place)  
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What is the principal energy-transferring molecule in living systems?   ATP  
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In what mitotic stage do centromeres split and identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell?   Anaphase  
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During what mitotic phase do nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear, chromosomes resume chromatin form, and mitotic spindle disappears?   Telophase  
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What is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among those structures?   Anatomy  
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What is the study of how organisms perform their vital functions?   Physiology  
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Is the sum of all chemical processes?   Metabolism  
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What is the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones? Example?   Catabolism. Example: Digestion  
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What is the building of complex molecules from simpler ones? Example?   Anabolism. Example: Building proteins from amino acids  
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What is the ability to detect and respond to changes?   Responsiveness  
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What system protects the body, helps regulate body termperature, eliminates some wastes, and detects sensations?   Integumentary System  
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Which system supports and protects the body, provides a surface for muscle, aids body movements, and houses cells that produce blood cells?   Skeletal System  
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What system produces body movements such as walking, stabilizes body position, and generates heat?   Muscular system  
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What system generates action potentials to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body's internal and external environment, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or grandular secretions?   Nervous System  
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What body system regulates body activities by releasing hormones?   Endocrine System  
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What system pumps blood through blood vessels?   Cardiovasular System  
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Which system returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood?   Lymphatic system  
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Which system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, and helps produce sound?   Respiratory system  
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Which system achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid wastes?   Digestive system  
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Which system produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and cheimcal composition of blood, maintains body's mineral balance, and helps regulate production of red blood cells?   Urinary system  
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Which system produces gametes that unite to form a new organism?   Reproductive system  
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What are some main components of the integumentary system?   Hair, nails, skin, sweat glands  
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What are some main component of the skeletal system?   Bones and joints  
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What are some main components of the muscular system?   Muscles  
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What are some main components of the nervous system?   Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears  
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What are some main components of the endocrine system?   Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancrease, ovaries, and testes  
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What are some main components of the cardiovascular system?   Heart, blood, and blood vessels  
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What are some main components of the lymphatic system?   Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils  
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What are some main components of the respiratory system?   Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, bronchus  
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What are some main components of the digestive system?   Mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus  
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What are some main components of the urinary system?   Bladder, kidneys, ureters, urethra  
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What are some main components of the reproductive system?   Testes, Ovaries, Vagina, Penis, Fallopian tubes, seminal vesicles, prostates, mammary glands  
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What basic life process includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even organelles?   Movement  
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What basic life process is an increase in body size?   Growth  
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What basic life process is the process in which unspecialized cells become specialized?   Differentiation (ex. stem cells)  
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What basic life process refers to either the formation of new cells or the production of a new individual?   Reproduction  
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What structural level includes atoms?   Chemical  
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What structural level includes cells?   Cellular level  
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What structural level deals with groups of cells and material surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function?   Tissue level  
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At what structural level do different kinds of tissues join together to form body structures?   Organ level  
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At what structural level do related organ with similar functions work together?   System level  
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At what structural level is the attention on all the parts of the human body functioning together?   Organismal level  
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What is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment?   Homeostasis  
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What condition occurs when the blood glucose level is too high?   Hyperglycemia  
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What condition occurs when the glucose level is too low?   Hypoglycemia  
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How does the body maintain homeostasis?   Feedback  
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What is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control system?   Receptor  
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In a feedback system, what sets the range of values within which a condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives, and generates output commands when needed?   Control Center  
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What is a cycle of evens in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on?   Feedback System  
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What type of feedback system reverses changes?   Negative feedback  
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What kind of feedback system reinforces changes?   Positive feedback  
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What is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or an effect that changes the controlled condition?   Effector  
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What is an abnormality of structure and/or function?   Disorder  
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What is an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms?   Disease  
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In terms of homeostasis, what are objective changes that can be measured?   Signs  
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In terms of homeostasis, what are subjective changes not apparent to an observer?   Symptoms  
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If someone is laying on their stomach, what anatomical position are they in?   Prone  
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If someone is laying on their back, what anatomical position are they in?   Supine  
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What directional term means "same side?"   Ipsilateral  
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What directional term means "opposite side?"   Contralateral  
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Which plane divides the body into right and left sides?   Sagittal  
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Which planes divide the body or organ into front and back portions?   Frontal and Coronal  
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Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions?   Transverse plane  
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Which plan passes through the body at an angle?   Oblique plane  
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Which cavity contains the brain?   Cranial cavity  
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Which cavity is formed by the bones of the backbone and contains the spinal cord?   Vertebral cavity  
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Which cavity contains pleural and peridcardial cavities and mediastinum?   Thoracic cavity  
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Which cavity surrounds the lung?   Pleural cavity  
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Which cavity surrounds the heart?   Pericardial cavity  
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What is the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the heart and lungs that contains the heart, thymusk, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels?   Mediastinum  
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Which cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine?   Abdominal cavity  
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Which cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and reproductive organs?   Pelvic cavity  
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What are thin, slippery double-layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and line the walls of the thorax and abdomen, secreting fluid to reduce friction?   Serous membranes  
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Which layer of the serous membranesline the walls of the cavities?   Parietal layer  
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Which layer of the serous membranes cover and adheres to the organs within the cavities?   Visceral layer  
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What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?   Peritoneum  
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What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity?   Pericardium  
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What is the serous membrane of the pleural cavities?   Pleura  
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What is an examination by touch?   Palpation  
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What is an examination by listening to sounds in the body?   Auscultation  
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What is the act of striking an underlying part of the body with short, sharp taps as an aid in diagnosing the part by the quality of the sound produced?   Percussion  
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What kind of reaction is occuring when reactions break down large molecules into smaller molecules by adding water molecules?   Hydrolysis  
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What reaction is occuring when two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule and water is a product produced?   Dehydration synthesis  
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What kind of cell is anything other than a gamete and divides by mitosis?   Somatic cell  
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What is an abnormal cell growth?   Tumor  
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What kind of genes can lead to cancer and control the cell cycle?   Oncogenes  
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What type of gene prevents cell division in cells with damaged DNA?   Tumor suppressor genes  
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