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VT A&P
Chapters 2 + 3 (Chemical and Cellular)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are triglycerides stored? | Fatty Tissue |
| What is the most highly concentrated form of chemical energy? | Triglycerides |
| What is the chemical makeup of triglycerides? | 3 fatty acid chains with a glycerol backbone |
| What is the chemical makeup of phospholipids? | Two fatty acid chains, a phosphate group, and a charged functional group |
| What is a main component of the plasma membrane? | Phospholipids |
| What elements make up proteins? | Cartbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| How many different types of amino acids exist? | 20 |
| Describe the appearance of an alpha helix. | Clockwise twists |
| Describe the appearance of beta pleated sheets. | Repeated folding |
| How do enzymes affect reactions? | Lower activation energy and allow reactions to proceed more quickly |
| What is ATP? | Energy currency of the cell |
| What are the three principal parts of a cell? | Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus |
| What does the plasma membrane do? | Separates inside of the cell from the outside |
| What is the fluid mosaic model? | Portrays the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane as an ever-moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of many different proteins. |
| What is the basic structural framework of the plasma membrane? | Lipid Bilayer |
| What are the three types of lipid molecules? | Phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids. |
| What are lipids that contain phosphate groups and make up about 75% of the membrane lipids? | Phospholipids |
| What is the polar (water-loving) part of a phospholipid? | Hydrophilic head |
| What is the nonpolar (water-hating) part of a phospholipid? | Hydrophobic tail |
| What is the lipid bilayer portion of the membrane permeable to? | Nonpolar, uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroids |
| What is a passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution occurs because of the particle's kinetic energy? | Diffusion |
| Which membrane protein extends into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acid trails and are firmly embedded in it? | Integral proteins |
| Which of the membrane proteins are not firmly embedded in the membrane and associate more loosely with the polar heads of membrane lipids? | Peripheral proteins |
| What is a protein with carbohydrate groups attached to the ends that protrude into the extracellular fluid? | Glycoproteins |
| What acts as a molecular "signature" that enables cells to recognize one another? | Glycocalyx |
| What are pores or holes through which specific ions can flow to get into or out of the cell? | Ion channels |
| What integral proteins change shape to selectively move a substance or ion from one side of a membrane to the other? | Transporters |
| Which integral protein serve as cellular recognition sites? | Receptors |
| What are integral proteins catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside surface of the cell? | Enzymes |
| What can enable a cell to recognize other cells of the same kind during tissue formation or to recognize and respond to potentially dangerous foreign cells? | Cell Identity Markers |
| How does the steepness of the concentration gradient influence the diffusion rate of substances across the plasma membrane? | The greater the difference in concentration between the two sides of the membrane, the higher the rate of diffusion. |
| How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion? | The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion. |
| How does the mass of the diffusing substance affect the rate of diffusion? | The larger the mass of the diffusing particle, the slower its diffusion rate. |
| How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion? | The larger the membrane surface area available for diffusion, the faster the diffusion rate. |
| How does diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion? | The greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes. |
| What can diffuse freely through the lipid bylayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins? | Nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules such as O, CO2, N, fatty acids, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins. |
| What do integral, transmembrane proteins form that allow passage of small, inorganic ions that are too hydrophilic to penetrate the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer? | Ion channels |
| What is a passive process that is the net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane, moving plasma membranes from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration? | Osmosis |
| The measure of the solution's ability change the volumne of cells by altering their water content is called what? | Tonicity |
| Any solution in which a cell maintains its normal shape and volume is what? | Isotonic solution |
| A solution that causes cells shrink due to loss of water by osmosis? | Hypertonic solution |
| What is a solution that causes water molecules to enter cells faster than they can leave, causing red blood cells to swell? | Hypotonic solution |
| How do solutes that are too polar or highly charged to diffuse through the lipid bilayer and too big to diffuse through membrane channels cross the plasma membrane? | Facilitated diffusion |
| How do polar or charged solutes that cannot cross the plasma membrane through any form of passive transport cross the membrane? | Active transport |
| In what process does energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP change the shape of a transporter protien, pumpking a substance across a plasma membrane against its concentration gradient? | Primary active transport |
| In what process does the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ conenctration gradient used to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients? | Secondary active transport |
| During what process do materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane? | Endocytosis |
| In what process do materials move out of a cell by the fusion with the plamsa membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell? | Exocytosis |
| What is a highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands (molecules that bind to specific receptors)? | Receptormediated endocytosis |
| What is a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses? | Phagocytosis |
| What vesicle transport system releases materials from a cell? | Exocytosis |
| In what vesicle transport system do vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of a cell, move across the cell, and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side? | Transcytosis |
| What is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles and constitutes about 55% of total cell volume? | Cytosol (intracellular fluid) |
| What are specialized structures within the cell that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction? | Organelles |
| What is a network or protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol? | Cytoskeleton |
| What are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton are composed of the protein actin and are most prevalent at the periphery of a cell? | Microfilaments |
| What are nonmotile, microscopic fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane that greatly increase the surface area of the cell? | Microvilli |
| What organelle is exceptionally strong, found in parts of the cells subject to mechanical stress, help stabilize the position of organelles, and help attach cells to one another? | Intermediate filaments |
| What is the largest of the cytoskeletal components that help determine cell shape? | Microtubules |
| What organelles are composed of a pair of centrioles, composed of microtubules, and important for cell division? | Centrosomes |
| What numerous, short, hairlike projections that extend from the surface of the cell? | Cilia |
| What are similar in structure cilia but longer and are able to move an entire cell? | Flagella |
| What is the only example of flagellum in the human body? | Sperm |
| What organelles are the sites of protein synthesis? | Ribosomes |
| What organelles is a network of membranes in the form of flattened sacs or tubules? | Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| What organelle is continuous with the nuclear membrane and usually folded into a series of flattened sacs studded with ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis, processing, and sorting? | Rough ER |
| What organelle extends from the rough ER to form a network of membrane tubules and contains unique enzymes that synthesize fatty acids and steroids? | Smooth ER |
| What organelle receives proteins synthesized on rough ER then modifies, sorts and packages? | Golgi Complex |
| What are small, flattened membranous sacs and two surfaces, one with entry face on rough ER surface and one with exit face on plasma membrane surface? | Cisternae |
| What are membrane-enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex? | Lysosomes |
| What group of organelles contain several oxidases that can oxidize substances and toxins? | Peroxisomes |
| What organelles are referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce ATP? | Mitochondria |
| What organelle contains DNA ? | Nucleus |
| What is a double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm? | Nuclear envelope |
| What are the many openings that extend through the nuclear envelope and control the movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm? | Nuclear pores |
| What are the spherical bodies inside the nucleus that function in production ribosomes? | Nucleoli (Nucleolus) |
| What are the hereditary unites located in the nucleus which control cellular structure and direct cellular activities? | Genes |
| What are highly coiled and folded molecules of DNA and proteins associated with it? | Chromosomes |
| What are the threadlike masses of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus? | Chromatin |
| In what process is DNA copied and passed to RNA? | Transcription |
| In what process do the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule specify the amino acid sequence that forms a particular protein molecule? | Translation |
| In what phase of the mitotic cycle do chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids, the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, and the controsome moves to an opposite pole of the cell? | Prophase |
| In what phase of the mitotic cycle do centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate? | Metaphase |
| In what phase of the mitotic cycle do centromeres split and identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell? | Telophase |
| In what phase of the mitotic cycle does the cytoplasm divide and cleavage furrow around the center of the cell dividing the cytoplasm into separate and equal portions? | Cytokinesis |
| In what phase of the mitotic cycle is the period between cell divisions? | Interphase |
| How many chemical elements exist, and how many are naturally occuring? | 112 elements, 92 occur naturally |
| Can you break apart cheimcal elements by ordinary chemical means? | No |
| How many chemical elements are normally present in the human body? | 26 |
| What are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element? | Atoms |
| What is the charge of an atom with an equal number of protons and electrons? | Zero |
| What depicts the number of protons in an atom? | Atomic number |
| In an atom, what is the sum of its protons and neutrons? | Mass number |
| What are atoms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different pass numbers? | Isotopes |
| What is an element that loses or gains electrons? | Ions |
| What is an ion that gains electrons and has a negative charge? | Anion |
| What is an ion that loses electrons and has a positive charge? | Cation |
| What are the forces that hold atoms together? | Chemical bonds |
| What kind of bond connects ions of opposite charges and often dissolve in water and can conduct electricity? | Ionic bonds |
| What bonds chare electrons? | Covalent bonds |
| What type of covalent bond shares electrons unequally? | Polar (leads to partial charges) |
| What type of covalent bond shares electrons equally? | Non-polar |
| Does oxygen or Hydrogen attract more electrons? | Oxygen |
| What type of bond forms when a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Which is the weakest: ionic bond, covalent bond, or hydrogen bond? | Hydrogen bond |
| What occurs when new bonds form or exisitng bonds break between atoms? | Chemical reactions |
| What is energy stored by matter due to its position? | Potential energy |
| What is energy associated with matter in motion? | Kinetic energy |
| What type of chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs? | Exergonic reactions |
| What type of chemical reaction asborbs more energy than they release? | Endergonic reactions |
| What increases the reaction rates in chemical reactions? | Catalysts |
| What is a liquid or gas in which the solutes of a solution disolve? | Solvent |
| What is a solute that is charged or contains polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water? | Hydrophilic |
| What are molecules with nonpolar covalent bonds that are not water-soluble? | Hydrophobic |
| Do acidic solutions have more H+ or OH- ? | H+ |
| What systems in body fluids convert strong acids or bases into weak acids and bases? | Buffer systems |
| What are chemical compounds that help stabilize the pH of a solution by adding or removing protons since most body fluids need to remain within narrow limits? | Buffers |
| What are large carbon-based molecules that carry out complex functions in living systems? | Organic molecules |
| What are the four main types of organic molecules? | Cabohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| What organic molecule functions has a building block and source of energy and includes sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose? | Carbohydrates |
| What chemical elements make up carbohydrates? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen |
| What are nonpolar organic molecules important for cell membrane structure, energy storage, and hormone production? | Lipids |
| What kind of fats are usually solid at room temperature and contain only single covalent bonds between fatty acid carbon atoms? | Saturated fats |
| What type of fat contains fatty acids with one double covalent bonds between fatty acid carbon atoms? | Monounsaturated fats |
| What kind of fat contains more than one double covalent bond between fatty acid carbon atoms? | Polyunsaturated fats |
| Most catalysts in body cells are protein molecules called what? | Enzymes |
| Each nucleotide in DNA consists of what three parts? | Nitrogenous bases, sugars, and a phosphate group |
| What are the three types of RNA? | Messenger (traveling copy of a gene), Ribosomal RNA (joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes), and Transfer RNA (binds to an amino acid and holds it in place) |
| What is the principal energy-transferring molecule in living systems? | ATP |
| In what mitotic stage do centromeres split and identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell? | Anaphase |
| During what mitotic phase do nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear, chromosomes resume chromatin form, and mitotic spindle disappears? | Telophase |
| What is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationship among those structures? | Anatomy |
| What is the study of how organisms perform their vital functions? | Physiology |
| Is the sum of all chemical processes? | Metabolism |
| What is the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones? Example? | Catabolism. Example: Digestion |
| What is the building of complex molecules from simpler ones? Example? | Anabolism. Example: Building proteins from amino acids |
| What is the ability to detect and respond to changes? | Responsiveness |
| What system protects the body, helps regulate body termperature, eliminates some wastes, and detects sensations? | Integumentary System |
| Which system supports and protects the body, provides a surface for muscle, aids body movements, and houses cells that produce blood cells? | Skeletal System |
| What system produces body movements such as walking, stabilizes body position, and generates heat? | Muscular system |
| What system generates action potentials to regulate body activities, detects changes in the body's internal and external environment, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or grandular secretions? | Nervous System |
| What body system regulates body activities by releasing hormones? | Endocrine System |
| What system pumps blood through blood vessels? | Cardiovasular System |
| Which system returns proteins and fluid to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood? | Lymphatic system |
| Which system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, and helps produce sound? | Respiratory system |
| Which system achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid wastes? | Digestive system |
| Which system produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes and regulates volume and cheimcal composition of blood, maintains body's mineral balance, and helps regulate production of red blood cells? | Urinary system |
| Which system produces gametes that unite to form a new organism? | Reproductive system |
| What are some main components of the integumentary system? | Hair, nails, skin, sweat glands |
| What are some main component of the skeletal system? | Bones and joints |
| What are some main components of the muscular system? | Muscles |
| What are some main components of the nervous system? | Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs such as eyes and ears |
| What are some main components of the endocrine system? | Pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancrease, ovaries, and testes |
| What are some main components of the cardiovascular system? | Heart, blood, and blood vessels |
| What are some main components of the lymphatic system? | Lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils |
| What are some main components of the respiratory system? | Lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, bronchus |
| What are some main components of the digestive system? | Mouth, salivary gland, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, anus |
| What are some main components of the urinary system? | Bladder, kidneys, ureters, urethra |
| What are some main components of the reproductive system? | Testes, Ovaries, Vagina, Penis, Fallopian tubes, seminal vesicles, prostates, mammary glands |
| What basic life process includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even organelles? | Movement |
| What basic life process is an increase in body size? | Growth |
| What basic life process is the process in which unspecialized cells become specialized? | Differentiation (ex. stem cells) |
| What basic life process refers to either the formation of new cells or the production of a new individual? | Reproduction |
| What structural level includes atoms? | Chemical |
| What structural level includes cells? | Cellular level |
| What structural level deals with groups of cells and material surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function? | Tissue level |
| At what structural level do different kinds of tissues join together to form body structures? | Organ level |
| At what structural level do related organ with similar functions work together? | System level |
| At what structural level is the attention on all the parts of the human body functioning together? | Organismal level |
| What is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body's internal environment? | Homeostasis |
| What condition occurs when the blood glucose level is too high? | Hyperglycemia |
| What condition occurs when the glucose level is too low? | Hypoglycemia |
| How does the body maintain homeostasis? | Feedback |
| What is a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control system? | Receptor |
| In a feedback system, what sets the range of values within which a condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives, and generates output commands when needed? | Control Center |
| What is a cycle of evens in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on? | Feedback System |
| What type of feedback system reverses changes? | Negative feedback |
| What kind of feedback system reinforces changes? | Positive feedback |
| What is a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or an effect that changes the controlled condition? | Effector |
| What is an abnormality of structure and/or function? | Disorder |
| What is an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms? | Disease |
| In terms of homeostasis, what are objective changes that can be measured? | Signs |
| In terms of homeostasis, what are subjective changes not apparent to an observer? | Symptoms |
| If someone is laying on their stomach, what anatomical position are they in? | Prone |
| If someone is laying on their back, what anatomical position are they in? | Supine |
| What directional term means "same side?" | Ipsilateral |
| What directional term means "opposite side?" | Contralateral |
| Which plane divides the body into right and left sides? | Sagittal |
| Which planes divide the body or organ into front and back portions? | Frontal and Coronal |
| Which plane divides the body into upper and lower portions? | Transverse plane |
| Which plan passes through the body at an angle? | Oblique plane |
| Which cavity contains the brain? | Cranial cavity |
| Which cavity is formed by the bones of the backbone and contains the spinal cord? | Vertebral cavity |
| Which cavity contains pleural and peridcardial cavities and mediastinum? | Thoracic cavity |
| Which cavity surrounds the lung? | Pleural cavity |
| Which cavity surrounds the heart? | Pericardial cavity |
| What is the central portion of the thoracic cavity between the heart and lungs that contains the heart, thymusk, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels? | Mediastinum |
| Which cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine? | Abdominal cavity |
| Which cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and reproductive organs? | Pelvic cavity |
| What are thin, slippery double-layered membranes that cover the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and line the walls of the thorax and abdomen, secreting fluid to reduce friction? | Serous membranes |
| Which layer of the serous membranesline the walls of the cavities? | Parietal layer |
| Which layer of the serous membranes cover and adheres to the organs within the cavities? | Visceral layer |
| What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity? | Peritoneum |
| What is the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity? | Pericardium |
| What is the serous membrane of the pleural cavities? | Pleura |
| What is an examination by touch? | Palpation |
| What is an examination by listening to sounds in the body? | Auscultation |
| What is the act of striking an underlying part of the body with short, sharp taps as an aid in diagnosing the part by the quality of the sound produced? | Percussion |
| What kind of reaction is occuring when reactions break down large molecules into smaller molecules by adding water molecules? | Hydrolysis |
| What reaction is occuring when two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule and water is a product produced? | Dehydration synthesis |
| What kind of cell is anything other than a gamete and divides by mitosis? | Somatic cell |
| What is an abnormal cell growth? | Tumor |
| What kind of genes can lead to cancer and control the cell cycle? | Oncogenes |
| What type of gene prevents cell division in cells with damaged DNA? | Tumor suppressor genes |
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jgold37
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