BHS Mr. Gross
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| Franks | One of the Germanic tribes that conquered parts of the Roman Empire
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| Charelemagne | Grandson of Charles Martel - became king of Franks. Briefly united W. Europe when he built an empire reaching across France, Germany and Italy. "Charles the Great"
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| Vikings | Scandinavian people whose sailors raided Europe from 700-1100's. Traders and explorers.
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| Feudalism | Loosely organized gov't created for the basic need of protection. Powerful local lords divided landholding among lesser lords in exchange for service or loyalty.
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| Feudal contract | Exchange of pledges between a powerful lord and a lesser lord.
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| Fief | Estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty.
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| Knight | A noble who served as a mounted warrior - many began training in boyhood.
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| Chivalry | Code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages - bravery, loyalty and true to their word. Had to fight fairly.
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| Manor | A lord's estate which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands. It was the heart of the economy.
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| Serf | A peasant bound to the lord's land. They were not slaves who could be bought and sold, but they were not free. If the manor was granted to a new lord, the serfs went along with it.
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| Sacrament | The sacred rites of the church. Christians believed that participation in the sacraments would lead them to salvation and everlasting life with God.
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| Benedictine Rule | Rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasized obedience, poverty and chastity. Divided the day into periods of worship, work and study.
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| Secular | Worldly, not religious matters.
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| Papal supremacy | Claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers, including kings and emperors.
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| Canon law | Body of laws of a church.
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| Excommunication | Exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey church law.
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| Interdict | In the Roman church, excommunication of an entire region, town or kingdom.
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| Charter | A written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town for the merchants. In return, the merchants paid the lord or king money.
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| Capital | Money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise.
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| Middle class | A group of people, including merchants, traders, and artisans whose rank was between nobles and peasants.
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| Guild | An association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade to protect economic interests.
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| Apprentice | Young person who learned a trade from a master.
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| Journeyman | Salaried worker employed by a guild master.
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| When the ownership of a manor was granted to a new lord, the serfs... | Remained on the land to serve the new lord.
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| How did medieval Christians believe they could achieve salvation? | Receive the sacraments.
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| What were the vows monks and nuns took under Benedictine Rule? | Obedience, poverty and chastity.
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| Why did newcomers to a medieval city settle in the fields outside the city walls? | The city was overcrowded within the city walls.
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| Starting in the late 700's, which group attacked W. Europe from the sea and broke the last threads of unity in Charlemagne's empire? | Vikings
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| Feudalism developed as a way for medieval societies to | Protect themselves
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| In the manor system, the serfs were | bound to the land for life
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| In papal supremacy, the pope had authority over... | all kings and emperors.
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| The new middle class in medieval society included... | merchants
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| As a response to overcrowding, residents of medieval cities built | Taller houses and shops
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| How did the concept of chivalry impact the treatment and view of women? | Chivlary dictated that knights protect the weak, which included women. Knights were devoted to women and put them on a pedestal.
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| Explain 3 things Charelmagne did to unify his kingdom. | Encouraged education - est. a school - wrote down records. Religion - didn't force people - unified people. Blended Roman and Christian ideas - blend cultures and religion.
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| Discuss the new technologies that led to an agricultural revolution. | Iron plow - cut through heavy soil of northern France.
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| Explain the political powers of the Church. | Power to excommunicate (couldn't receive Sacraments) - could place interdict on region - had to follow what church wanted or said - church controlled people.
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| Describe what life was like in a medieval town. | Surrounded by high protective walls. Overcrowded - people added stories to houses. Jumble of narrow streets. Fire was a constant threat. Dirt, noise, disease.
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| What led to the rise of feudalism and how did it work? | Because of invasions, emperors were too weak to maintain law and order. They needed protection for themselves, homes and land. Local lords divided their land among lesser lords in exchange for pledging service and loyalty.
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| Explain the spiritual services that were provided by the Church and their significance. | Sacrament - baptism, marriage, funerals. Believed that if you don't go through the church you would burn in hell. People wanted to be part of the church, so listened to whatever they wanted to do. church had political power.
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| What is an apprenticeship and how did this impact medieval society? | Kids 7 or 8 were trained to learn a trade by a guild master. Apprentice learned the trade for 7 years for learning, food and housing. Town kept baker, barber, eye-glass maker, wood builder, etc.
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