Musculoskeletal
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| ankyl/o | crooked/stiff
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| arthr/o | joint/articulation
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| articul/o | joint/articulation
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| brachi/o | arm
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| cervic/o | neck
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| chondr/o | cartilage (gristle)
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| cost/o | rib
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| crani/o | skull
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| dactyl/o | digit (finger or toe)
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| fasci/o | fascia (a band)
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| femor/o | femur
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| fibr/o | fiber
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| kyph/o | humpback
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| lei/o | smooth
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| lord/o | bent
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| lumb/o | loin/lower back
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| myel/o | bone marrow/spinal cord
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| my/o | muscle
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| myos/o | muscle
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| muscul/o | muscle
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| oste/o | bone
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| patell/o | knee cap
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| pelv/i | hip bone or pelvic cavity
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| pelv/o | hip bone or pelvic cavity
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| radi/o | radius
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| rhabd/o | rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
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| sarc/o | flesh
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| scoli/o | twisted
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| spondyl/o | vertebra
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| vertebr/o | vertebra
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| stern/o | sternum (breastbone)
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| ten/o | tendon
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| tend/o | tendon
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| tendin/o | tendon
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| thorac/o | chest
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| ton/o | tone or tension
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| uln/o | ulna
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| appendicular skeleton | bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper/lower extremities
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| axial skeleton | bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyphoid bone (U shaped bone lying at the base of the tongue)
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| bone | specialied connective tissue composed of osteocytes forming the skeleton
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| compact bone | tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending
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| spongy (cancellous bone) | mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and fine branching canals through which blood vessels run
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| long bones | bones of the arms and legs
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| short bones | bones of the wrists and ankles
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| flat bones | bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
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| irregular bones | bones of vertebra and face
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| sesamoid bones | round bones found near joints
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| epiphysis | wide ends of a long bone
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| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone
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| metaphysis | growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone
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| endosteum | membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
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| medullary cavity | cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
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| bone marrow | soft connective tissue within the medullary cavities of bone
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| red bone marrow | found in cavities of most bones in infants; functions in formation of red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets. In adults, it is found most often in flat bones
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| yellow bone marrow | gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones, functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in formation of blood cells
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| periosteum | a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
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| articular cartilage | a gristle-like substance found on bones where they articulate
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| articulation | a joint, the point where two bones come together
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| bursa | a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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| disk (disc) | a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
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| nucleus pulposus | the soft, fibrocartilaginous central portion of intervertbral disk
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| ligament | a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
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| synovial membrane | membrane lining the capsule of a joint
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| synovial fluid | lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
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| muscle | tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
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| striated (skeletal) muscle | voluntar striated muscle attached to the skeleton
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| smooth muscle | involuntary muscle found in internal organs
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| cardiac muscle | muscle of the heart
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| origin of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
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| insertion of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
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| tendon | a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
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| fascia | a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
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| coronal plane (frontal) | vertical division of the body into front and back anterior/posterior positions
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| sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions
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| transverse plane | horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
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| anterior (A) (ventral) | front of the body
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| posterior (P) (dorsal) | back of the body
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| anterior-posterior (AP) | from front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an xray beam
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| Posterior-anterior (PA) | from the back to the front; commonly associated with the direction of an xray beam
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| superior (cephalic) | situated above another structure, toward the head
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| inferior (caudal) | situated below another structure, away from the head
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| proximal | toward the beginning or origin of a structure
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| distal | away from the beginning or origin of a structure
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| medial | toward the middle (midline)
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| lateral | toward the side
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| axis | line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
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| erect | normal standing position
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| decubitus | lying down, especially in bed. lateral decubitis is lying on the side
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| prone | lying face down and flat
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| recumbent | lying down
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| supine | horizontal recumbant - lying flat on back (on the spine)
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| flexion | bending at the joint so that the angle between the bone is decreased
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| extension | straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
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| abduction | movement away from the body
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| adduction | movement toward the body
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| rotation | circular movement around an axis
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| eversion | turning outward
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| inversion | turning inward
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| supination | turning upward or forward of the plamar surface or plantar surface
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| pronation | turning downward or backward of the palmar surface or plantar surface
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| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward
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| plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
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| range of motion(ROM) | total motion possible in a joint
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| goniometer | instrument used to measure joint angles
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| arthralgia | joint pain
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| atrophy | shrinking of tissue such as muscle
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| crepitation | grating sounds made by movement of some joints or broken bones
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| crepitus | grating sounds made by movement of some joints or broken bones
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| exostosis | a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
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| flaccid | flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
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| hypertrophy | increase in the size of tissue such as muscle
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| hypotonia | reduced muscle tone or tension
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| myalgia | muscle pain
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| myodonia | muscle pain
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| ostealgia | bone pain
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| osteodynia | bone pain
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| rigor | stiffness, stiff muscle
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| rigidity | stiffness, stiff muscle
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| spasm | drawing in, involuntary contraction of muscle
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| spastic | uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
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| tetany | tension; prolonged continuous muscle contraction
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| tremor | shaking, rhythmic muscular movement
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