BIO202 - CH16 - Pituitary Gland - Marieb/Hoehn - RioSalado - AZ
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| Another name for the pituitary gland is? | Hypophysis
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| Pituitary gland secretes at least __ hormones. | 9
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| What connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus? | the infundibulum superiorly
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| Posterior pituitary lobe is composed of __. | Pituicytes (glia-like supporting cells) & nerve fibers.
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| The posterior pituitary lobe releases __. | neurohormones it receives from hypothalamus-is storage area.
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| What comprises the neurohypophysis? | Posterior lobe of pituitary plus infundibulum.
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| Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis) is composed of __. | glandular tissue
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| Arterial blood is delivered to pituitary via __. | hypophyseal branches of internal cartoid arteries.
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| Veins leaving pituitary drain into __. | the dural sinuses
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| The posterior lobe is actually part of the __. | brain
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| The pituitary posterior lobe is derrived from a down-growth of __ & maintains its neural connection via __. | hypothalamic tissue - nerve bundle called the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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| The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract runs through the __. | infundibulum
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| The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract arises from which nuclei of the hypothalamus? | supraoptic & paraventricular nuclei
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| Oxytocin is made primarily by the __ neurons. | paraventricular
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| ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is made primarily by the __ neurons. | supraoptic
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| The glandular anterior lobe originates from __ & is formed of __ tissue. | Rathke's pouch, epithelial
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| What is a portal system? | When capillary bed feeds into veins which feed into another capillary bed.
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| Via the hypophyseal portal system, releasing & inhibiting hormones circulate from ventral hypothalamus to the __. | adenohypophysis
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| Hypothalamic regulatory hormones are __. | amino acid bases, but vary in sizes from amines, to peptides, to proteins.
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| What is the adenohypophysis? | The anterior pituitary lobe of the pituitary gland.
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| Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) activity is controlled by the __. | hypothalamus
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| POMC is released by the __ & is a __. | anterior pituitary - prohormone
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| What is a prohormone? | Large molecule that is a precursor to be split enzymatically into 1 or more active hormones.
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| MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone) is? | CNS neurotransmitter involved in control of appetite.
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| What are tropins/tropic hormones? | Hormones that regulate secretory action of other endocrine glands.
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| 4 of the 6 anterior pituitary hormones are __. | tropins/tropic hormones - all affect via cAMP.
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| GH (growth hormone) is produced in the __ lobe of pituitary by cells called __. | somatotrophs
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| GH is a __ hormone & does what? | anabolic (tissue building), promotes protein synthesis & encourages use of fats for fuel.
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| What are somatomedins? | Growth-promoting proteins produced by liver, muscle, bone & other tissues. (IGFs) - insulin-like growth factors.
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| IGFs (insulin-like growth factors) do what? | Stimulate uptake of amino acids & sulfer, and mobilizes fats.
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| GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone) __ GH release. | stimulates
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| GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone) __ GH release. | inhibits
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| In the daily cycle of GH secretion, the highest level occurs when? | During evening sleep
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| GHIH blocks GH & release of __. | thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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| In the gut, GHIH inhibits release of __. | virtually all gastrointestinal & pancreatic secretions
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| Hypersecretion of GH in children results in __. | gigantism
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| Acromegaly results when __. | excessive GH secretes after epiphyseal plates have closed - enlarged extremities
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| Acromegaly due to GH hypersecretion results usually from an __. | adenohypophyseal tumor
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| GH hyposecretion (deficiency) in children results in __. | pituitary dwarfism
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| TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is? | thyrotropin - a tropic hormone that stimulates normal development & secretory activity of thyroid gland.
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| TSH release is triggered by __. | TRH - thyrotropin - releasing hormone - a hypothalamic peptide
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| ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone - is also known as __ & is secreted by __. | corticotropin, the adenohypophysis
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| ACTH stimulates the __ to release corticosteroid. | adrenal cortex
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| ACTH release is elicited by hypothalamic CRH & has daily rhythm that peaks __. | in the morning shortly before awakening
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| CRH release is triggered by __. | fever, hypoglycemia, & stressors of all types.
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| FSH & LH are what kind of hormones? | gonadotropins - regulate function of gonads
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| In both sexes, FSH stimulates __ production. | sperm or egg (gamete)
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| Which hormone stimulates testes to make testosterone? | LH
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| __ hormones are virtually absent from blood of prepubertal boys & girls. | gonadotropins - absent
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| What causes release of gonadotropin? | GnRH - gonadotropin-releasing hormone produced by hypothalamus
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| PRL (prolactin) stimulates what? | Milk production by breasts - release controlled by hypothalamus
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| PIH (prolactin-inhibiting hormone) is now known to be __. | dopamine (DA)
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| LH (luteinizing hormone) triggers __. | ovulation
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| Name the 6 major hormones of anterior pituitary. | FSH, TSH, GH, LH, ACTH, & PRL
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| Name the 2 major hormones stored in the posterior pituitary. | Oxytocin & ADH
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| The posterior pituitary is made largly of __. | axons of hypothalamic neurons
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| ADH influences what? | Water balance in the body
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| Oxytocin stimulates what? | Contraction of smooth muscles - uters & breasts
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| Oxytocin acts via the __ second messenger system. | PIP-Ca2+
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| Name a hormone used in a positive feedback mechanism. | oxytocin - uterine contractions during birth & milk ejection from breasts.
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| What is diuresis? | Urine production
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| Which hypothalamic neurons monitor solute concentration of blood? | Osmoreceptors
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| What is the alternative name for ADH? | Vasopressin
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| ADH deficiency results in __. | diabetes insipidus - output of huge amounts of urine.
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| What is SIADH? | Syncrome of inappropriate ADH secretion - fluid retention, brain edema, weight gain, & hypo-osmolarity of blood.
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