A and P chapter-8
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| Abduction | Moving away from the midline of the body
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| Actin | Contractile protein found in the myofilaments of skeleton muscle
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| Adduction | Moving toward the midline of the body
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| All or None | When stimulated, a muscle fiber will contract fully or not at all
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| Antagonists | Those having opposing actions
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| Biceps Brachii | The primary flexor of the arm
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| Bursa | Small, cushion like sacs that are found between moving body parts to make it easier to move
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| Deltoid | Having a triangular shape
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| Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy | Form of muscular dystrophy inherited on the X chromosome and characterized by mild leg muscle weakness that progresses rapidly to include the shoulder muscles and eventually death
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| Endurance Training | Continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and develop the muscles' ability to sustain activity over a prolonged period of time
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| Extension | Increasing the angle between two bones at a joint
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| Fatigue | Loss of muscle power
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| Flexion | the act of bending
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| Hypertrophy | Increased size of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells
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| Hypothermia | Failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in a very cold environment
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| Insertion | Attachment of muscle to the bone that it moves when contraction occurs
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| Intercalated Disks | Connections that form unique dark bands between cardiac muscle fibers
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| Isometric Contraction | Type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten
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| Isotonic Contraction | Type of muscle contraction that maintains uniform tension or pressure
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| Masseter | Largest muscle of the cheek
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| Mastication | Chewing
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| Motor Neuron | Transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues
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| Muscle Fiber | The specialized contractile cells of muscle tissue that are grouped together and arranged in a highly organized way
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| Muscular Dystrophy | A group of muscle disorders characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle without nerve involvement
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| Myasthenia Gravis | Autoimmune muscle disorder characterized by progressive weakness and chronic fatigue
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| Myosin | Contractile protein found in the thick myofilaments of skeletal muscle
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| Neuromuscular Junction | The point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers
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| Origin | The attachment of a muscle to a bone which does not move when contraction occurs
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| Oxygen Debt | Continued increased metabolism that occurs in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that resulted from exercise
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| Pectoralis Major | Major flexor of the upper arm
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| Posture | Position of the body
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| Prime Mover | The muscle responsible for producing a particular movement
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| Rotation | Movement around a longitudinal axis
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| Sarcomere | Contractile unit of muscle; length of a myofibril between two Z bands
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| Sliding Filament Model | Concept in muscle physiology describing the contraction of a muscle fiber in terms of the sliding of microscopic protein filaments past each other within the myofibrils in a manner that shortens the myofibrils and thus the entire muscle
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| Sprain | An acute injury to soft tissues surrounding a joint, including muscle, tendon, and/or ligament
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| Strain | Injury involving any component of the “musculotendinous unit”
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| Strength Training | Contracting muscles against resistance to enhance muscle hypertrophy
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| Synergists | Muscle that assists a prime mover
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| Tendon Sheaths | Tube-shaped structure lined with synovial membrane that encloses certain tendons
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| Tendons | Bands or cords of fibrous connective tissue that attach a muscle to a bone or other structure
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| Tetanus | Sustained muscular contraction
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| Threshold Stimulus | Minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract
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| Tonic Contraction | Special type of skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture
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| Trapezius | Triangular muscle in the back that elevates the shoulder and extends the head backwards
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| Triceps Brachii | Extensor of the elbow
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| Twitch | A quick, jerky response to a single stimulus
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| Zygomaticus | The corners of the mouth and lips
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| Paralysis | Loss of the power of motion, especially voluntary motion
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