The Muscular System II: Major Muscles of the Axial Skeleton
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| muscles of the scalp | epicranius
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| epicranius is made up of the | galea aponeurotica, frontalis, occipitalis
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| galea aponeurotica is a | bipartite muscle consisting of 2 muscles connected by a cranial aponeurosis
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| the alternate actions of the two galea aponeurotica muscles pull the | scalp forward and backward
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| frontalis muscle (frontal belly) covers the | forehead and dome of skull
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| frontalis muscle has no | bony attachments
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| origin of the frontalis | galea aponeurotica
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| insertion of frontalis | skin of eyebrows/root of nose
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| action of frontalis | pulls scalp forward and raises eyebrows
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| occipitalis (occipital belly) overlies the | posterior occiput
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| origin of occipitalis | occipital/temporal bones
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| insertion of occipitalis | galea aponeurotica
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| action of occipitalis | pulls scalp posteriorly
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| orbicularis oculi | thin, flat sphincter muscles of the eyelid and surrounds orbits
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| origin of orbicularis oculi | frontal/maxilla bones of medial orbits
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| insertion of orbicularis oculi | skin of eyelids
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| action of orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids and protects eyes from intense light and injury (blinking/squinting/draws eyebrows inferiorly)
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| zygomaticus: muscle pair extending | diagonally from cheekbone to corner of mouth
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| origin of zygomaticus | zygomatic bone
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| insertion of zygomaticus | skin at corners of mouth
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| action of zygomaticus | raises lateral corners of mouth upward (smiling muscle)
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| risorius: slender muscle that is | inferior and lateral to zygomaticus
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| origin of risorius | fascia of masseter muscle
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| insertion of risorius | skin at angle of mouth
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| action of risorius | draws corners of lip laterally (tense lips)
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| risorius is a ...to the... | synergist...zygomaticus muscle
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| orbicularis oris: complicated, multi... | layered muscle of the lips with fibers that run in different directions, mostly circularly
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| origin of orb. oris | fascia of facial muscles surrounding the mouth
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| insertion of orb. oris | skin of lips
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| action of orb. oris | close mouth, purses and protrudes lips, kissing/whistling
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| mentalis: one of the muscle pair forming a | v-shaped muscle mass on chin
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| mentalis originates | anterior mandible
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| mentalis insertion | below the lower lip
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| mentalis action | protudes lower lip/wrinkles chin
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| buccinator: thin | horizontal cheek muscle, deep to the masseter
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| origin of buccinator | maxilla and mandible near molars
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| insertion of buccinator | orbicularis oris
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| action of buccinator | compresses cheek and draws corner of mouth laterally (holds food between teeth during chewing)
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| buccinator is well developed in | nursing babies
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| masseter: powerful muscle that covers the | lateral aspect of the mandibular ramus
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| origin of masseter | zygomatic arch and zygomatic bone
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| insertion of the masseter | angle and ramus of mandible
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| action of masseter | closes mouth and elevates mandible
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| temporalis: fan-shaped muscle that covers the | temporal, frontal, and parietal bones
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| origin of temporalis | temporal fossa
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| insertion of temporalis | coronoid process and ramus of mandible
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| action of temporalis | closes mouth, retracts mandible, maintains position of mandible at rest
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| muscles of the anterior neckand throat are for | swallowing and speaking
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| the muscles of the neck are divided into the | anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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| the anterior triangle is divided into the | suprahyoid muscle and the infrahyoid muscle
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| suprahyoid muscles are muscles that help form the...anchor the...elevate the...and move the...during swallowing; lies superior to the hyoid bone | floor of the oral cavity...tongue...hyoid...larynx
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| digastric: consists of | 2 bellies united by an intermediate tendon forming a v shape under the chin
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| origin of digastric | lower margin of mandible and mastoid process of temporal bone
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| insertion of digastric | hyoid bone
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| action of digastric | open mouth and depress mandible
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| infrahyoid muscles are ...muscles that... | straplike...depress the hyoid and larynx during swallowing and speaking
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| digastric: consists of | 2 bellies united by an intermediate tendon forming a v shape under the chin
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| sternohyoid is the most | medial muscle of the neck
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| sternohyoid is a | thin, superficial muscle except inferiorly, where it is covered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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| sternohyoid originates | on the manubrium and medial clavicle
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| insertion of sternohyoid | hyoid
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| action of sternohyoid | depress larynx and hyoid bone
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| origin of sternothyroid | posterior surface of manubrium
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| insertion of sternothyroid | thyroid cartilage of larynx
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| omohyoid: ...muscle with | straplike...2 bellies united by an intermediate tendon; lateral to sternohyoid
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| sternothyroid | lateral and deep to sternohyoid
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| origin of omohyoid | superior surface of scapula
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| action of sternothyroid | depresses thyroid cartilage; pulls larynx and hyoid bone inferiorly
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| muscles of the neck and vertebral column perform | head movements and trunk extension
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| insertion of omohyoid | hyoid bone
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| sternocleidomastoid: two.. | headed muscle located deep to platysma; key muscular landmark in the neck
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| action of omohyoid | depresses and retracts hyoid bone
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| origin of sternocleidomastoid | manubrium of sternum and clavicle
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| muscles of the neck and vertebral column perform | head movements and trunk extension
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| action of sternocleidmastoid | flexes and laterally rotates the head
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| insertion of scalenes | ribs 1 and 2
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| scalenes: located more | laterally than anteriorly on the neck; deep to the platysma and sternocleidomastoid
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| origin of scalenes | transverse process of cervical vertebrae
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| action of scalenes | flexes and rotates neck, elevates ribs 1+2
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| erector spinae (intrinsic): ...mover of... | prime...back extension
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| erector spinae consists of | 3 muscles whose subset muscles are named according to their location on the vertebral column
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| 3 muscles of erector spinae | iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
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| origin of iliocostalis | iliac crest, ribs (last 6-thoracis) and ribs 3-6 cervicis
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| insertion of iliocostalis | angles of ribs, transverse process of c6-4
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| action of iliocostalis | extend and laterally flex the vertebral column, maintain erect posture
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| iliocostalis group is the most | lateral muscle group of erector spinae, extending from pelvis to neck
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| longissimus group is the | intermediate tripartite muscle group which extends from lumbar to skull
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| origin of longissimus | transverse process of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
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| insertion of longissimus | transverse process of thoracic or cervical vertebrae and to ribs superior to origin as indicated by name
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| action of longissimus | extend and laterally flex vertebral column (lateral flexion) and extends head and turns face toward same side
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| spinalis group is the most | medial group; poorly defined
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| origin of spinalis | spines of ubber lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
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| insertion of spinalis | spines of upper thoracic and cervical vertebrae
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| action of spinalis | extend vertebral column
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| deep muscles of the thorax are for | breathing
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| the thoracic muscles are very | short
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| the thoracic muscles mostly run | from one rib to the next
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| the thoracic muscles form | three layers in the wall of the thorax
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| external intercostals are | 11 pairs that lie between ribs, fibers run obliquely from each rib to rib below
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| origin of external intercostals | inferior border of rib above
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| insertion of external intercostals | superior border of rib below
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| action of external intercostals | pull ribs twoard one another to ELEVATE rib cage
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| external intercostals are the ... of the... | synergists of the diaphragm
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| internal intercostals are the | 11 pairs that lie between ribs, fibers run deep to and at right angles to those of external intercostals (downward and posteriorly)
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| origin of internal intercostals | superior border of rib below
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| insertion of internal intercostals | inferior border of rib above
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| action of internal intercostals | draws ribs together and depresses the rib cage
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| muscles of the abdominal wall controls | trunk movements and compression of abdominal viscera
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| rectus abdominis is the ...muscle pair of the... wall | medial...anterior...whose fibers extend vertically from pubis to rib cage
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| the rectus abdominis is ensheathed by | aponeuroses of the lateral muscles of abdominal wall
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| rectus abdominis is segmented by | 3 tendinous inscriptions
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| rectus abdominis extends | medially to insert on the linea alba which is a tendinous raphe/seam that extends from sternum to pubic symphysis
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| rectus abdominis extends | medially to insert on the linea alba which is a tendinous raphe/seam that extends from sternum to pubic symphysis
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| insertion of sternocleidomastoid | mastoid process of temporal bone and nuchal line of occipital bone
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| origin of rectus abdominis | pubic crest and pubic symphysis
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| insertion of rects abdominis | xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
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| action of rectus abdominis | flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column; fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelivs during walking, increase intra-abdominal pressure, used in sit ups and curls
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| lateral abdominal walls are comprised of | 3 layers of broad, flat muscle sheets
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| external oblique is the | largest of the 3 layers and the most superficial; fibers run inferiorly and medially
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| the aponeurosis of the external oblique turns under inferiorly, forming the | inguinal ligament
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| origin of external oblique | ribs 5-12
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| insertion of external oblique | linea alba, iliac crest, pubis
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| action of external oblique | flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall; aid muscles of the back in TRUNK ROTATION and LATERAL FLEXION
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| internal oblique: most fibers run | superiorly and medially
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| origin of internal oblique | lumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
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| insertion of internal oblique | linea alba and ribs 10-12
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| action of internal oblique | same as ext. obl.
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| transversus abdominis is the most | deep muscle layer of abdominal wall, fibers run horizontally
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| origin or transversus abdominis | inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumbar fascia, cartilages of ribs 7-12
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| insertion of transversus abdominis | linea alba, crest of pubis
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| action of transversus abdominis | compress abdominal contents and laterally rotates trunk
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