World War I
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| "place in the sun" | a sort of recognition that Germans thought they deserved due to their success; supremacy like that of Great Britain
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| Triple Alliance | Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy; pre-WWI alliance;
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| "splendid isolation" | Great Britain cherished the fact that the country did what it wanted and would form no alliances with continental states; therefore, international relations were very bad
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| Triple Entente | Great Britain, France, Russia; pre-WWI; only a close understanding, neither side said what it would do if war; breathing room for GB
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| "Union of Death" | Bosnian revolutionary group that completed the assassination of heir to Hapsburg empire, Franz Ferdinand
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| Black Hand | nickname given to the unknown man who actually killed Franz Ferdinand; acted w/out knowledge of Serbian officials
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| Sarajevo | Bosnian capital (in Austrian Empire) where Franz Ferdinand was killed
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| "blank check" | Germany gave Austria-Hungary the OK to give Serbia an ultimatum; why? Germany saw it as an opportunity/excuse to demostrate power and their 'place in the sun'
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| Edward Grey | British foreign secretary during WWI
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| Wilhelm(William) II | German emperor at time of WWI
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| Central Powers | former Triple Alliance - Italy; Germany and Austria-Hungary (during WWI alliance); plus Turkey and Bulgaria
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| Allied Powers (Allies) | former Triple Etentre; Great Britain, France, Russia + Italy and US
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| Schlieffen Plan | first defeat France as quickly as possible by moving through Belgium, then defeat Russia on Eastern front; history backed short win against France (Franco-Prussian War)
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| Marne | (1914); First major battle on the western front; brings an end to the Schleiffen Plan and results in a stalemate on Western Front; both sides dig, resulting in trench warfare
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| Tannenberg | (1914); First major battle on Eastern Front; Russian losses are heavy, but they keep fighting
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| Gallipoli | (1915); Great Britain and France attempt to open communication with Russia to assist them; fails
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| Jutland | (1915); major naval battle between Great Britain and Germany in the North Sea with no clear winner; Germany held its own against GB
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| Verdun | (1916); German offensive on Western Front with the hope of breaking the stalemate; fails
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| Somme | (1916); French and GB offensive on the western front with the hope of breaking the stalemate in second half of year; fails
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| contraband | goods headed for a country at war; munitions and raw materials that can be used for military equipment
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| noncontraband | goods headed for a country at war; food and raw cotton; suppossed to be able to import this during wartime; ignored by Allies
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| Lusitania | a British sealiner that the German submarines torpedoed; 1200 people died, 118 Americans; carried war munitions and Germany had warned America
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| Zimmerman Telegram | Zimmerman (German foreign affairs) sent telegram to Mexico City - if Mexico joins Germany/messes with the US, they will regain their lost territories; intercepted and decoded by GB
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| Zionists | saw impending Ottoman collapse as an opportunity to have a Jewish state; Pre WWI- just a dream; possible post WWI
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| "Jewish homeland" | backed by GB; Jewish state in Palestine that had been Arab for over 1000 years
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| Woodrow Wilsom | campaigned on "he kept us out of war" but eventually joined with Allies; controlling anarchic nationalism and preventing war in the future
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| technological advances | airplanes, machine guns, tanks,. U-Boat (submarine); poison gas
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| why did Italy switch sides? | iradenta
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| Nicholas II | last Rusian czar who abdicated on March 15, 1917; shows how bad situation is in Russia: "I'm out" not "I'm putting my foot down"
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| Provisional Government | took over after Nicholas II; made of liberal noblemen and middle-class leaders; only 1 socialist; still not very popular among Russians - still going to war because they don't want to sell out GB and France
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| V.I. Lenin | leader of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Marxist party; returned to Russia in 1917 "Leninbomb" from Germany
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| Why did Germany send Lenin back to Russia? | they want revolution and withdrawl from war in Russia; "Leninbomb: more effective that anything else Germany did - it worked!
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| Petrograd | St. Petersburg; capital
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| Bolsheviks | more extreme Marxists, lead by Lenin; won power in Nov. 1917; name means "majority", but not actually the majority of Russian peoples
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| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | Bolsheviks wanted to stop war w/Germany so were cornered into the treaty; independence of Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic - nonRussians --> Germany from Russia; doesnt matter to Lenin because there's gonna be a world-wide communist revolution
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| Ferdinand Foch | commander in chief of all Allied forces in France with national commanders subordinate to him (French)
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| Pershing | American commander in France
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| Argonne | final Allied offensive (Sep. 1918); Germany realized it couldn't win WWI - it might have to face invasion from France; forest in eastern France; Germany stops - we dont want what happened in Russia to happen here
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| convoying | made effective for the US because of larger naval base; ships protecting other ships (naval protecting cargo)
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| Red Baron | Manfred von Richthofen
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| ace | flyers that had the most kills
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| Oswald Boelche | Richthofen's teacher
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| Why does Richtothofen continue fighting? | the men in the trenches
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| When was Red Baron shot down? | April 21, 1918
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| Who shot down Red Baron and what country? | Roy Brown (Canada
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| Reichstag | the German congress; majority wanted democratic parliament in Berlin;
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| Ludendorff | Germany military leader; informed Kaiser to allow for negotiation talks to "regroup his army" - actually, he knows Germany is screwed, but this way, he can blame the loss on the Weimar Republic - saving face for the military
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| Weimar Republic | the 'forced' German republic because of war; became a republic for peace, saving face, and avoiding revolution (what happened in Russia wont happen here)
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| planned economy | the state attempted to control all wealth, resources, and moral to one end/causes; basically THE GOVERNMENT CONTROLS THE ECONOMY
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| rationalization | coordination of production in the interests of the whole country; no more strikes, dresseat modestly, showing off wealth isn't cool anymore
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| conscription | allocation of manpower; forced draft, participation in the war effort
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| war socialism | GOVERNMENT IS IN CONTROL OF THE ECONOMY; government doesn't want to give up power after war, so they then plan programs and such for the 'betterment of the people' instead of war; European governments become more socialist after WWI
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| profiteers | those who exploited shortages to make money;
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| brand new post WWI countries | Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia
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| Treaty of Versailles | the German treaty between the Allies and Germany; Wilson's baby, but ironically enough, the US didn't sign it
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| Fourteen Points | peace established; end secret diplomacy & treaties; freedom of seas; remove barriers on int. trade; reduce arms; readjust colonies; self-determination; int. political organizations to avoid war; Wilson's democratic enlightened long lasting peace post WWI
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| Big Four | Great Britain, US, France, Italy
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| US representative | Wilson
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| French representative | Clemenceau
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| GB representative | LLoyd George
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| Italian representative | Orlando
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| League of Nations | permanent int. body where all nations should meet and discuss/settle disputes; no seorting to war; maitain sovereignty; Wilson's baby, but US never joined
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| Anglo-French-Am Treaty | GB and US would join France if France was attacked by the Germans; Alsace and Lorraine to France, protected by Allied forces for 10 years; US has no plans of holding up their side of the treaty - age of American isolationism
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| mandates | former colonies of the losing countries, administered by the "League of Nations"... but basically just controled by the winners
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| war guilt clause | Germany alone was responsible for the war and all its loss and damages; supported by Big4 - Wilson; they want revenge (aka carve up); Wilson's compromise: "I get League of Nations, you get war guilt clause"
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| Hall of Mirrors | where Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles; sticking it to the Germans (where German emperor was crowned)
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| cordon sanitaite | land that had been given to Germany during the war became free, independent states; independent (good for Wilson) and a buffer zone against communism (good for western Europe)
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| reparation | money from 'damages' that Germany was ordered to pay;
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| 3 types of punishment given to Germans | 1. $ (reparations)
2. military restrictions (so many of x, so many of y, only in location A; can't have military in Rhineland, buffer zone for Fr.)
3. territorial loss (colonies or actual European land)
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| When was the armistice called for WWI | 11:11 11/11/18
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