Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems
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| Perception | Conscious awareness and the interpretation of meaning of sensations.
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| Sensory modality | Unique type of sensation (i.e.-touch, pain, vision or hearing)
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| General senses | Somatic senses and visceral senses
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| Special senses | Sensory modalites of smell, taste, hearing and equilibrium.
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| Sensory receptor | Specialized cell or dendrites of of a sensory neuron.
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| Transduce - | Convert (energy)
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| Free nerve endings | bare dendrites, lack any structural specializations that can be seen under a light microscope.
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| Free nerve ending receptors | Receptors for pain, thermal, tickle, itch and some touch.
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| Encapsulated nerve ending receptors | Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that has a distictive microscopic structure- i.e. Lamellated (pacincian) corpuscles
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| Separate cells (synapse with 1st order sensory neurons) | Hair cells (hearing, equilibrium) gustatory receptors (taste buds)
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| Photoreceptors | Specialized separate cells for vision.
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| Exterceptors | At or near body surface.
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| Interoceptors | Located in blood vessels, visceral organs and nervous system.
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| Proprioceptors | Located in muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear.
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| Exterceptors | Provide info about external enviroment, convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, therman and pain sensations.
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| Interceptors | Provide info about internal enviroment, impulses produced usually are not consciously perceived but occasinally may be felt as pressure or pain.
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| Proprioceptors | Provide info about body position, muscle length, tension, position and motion of joints and equilibrium.
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| Mechanocreceptors | Detect mechanical pressure.
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| Mechanocreceptors | Provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioceptino, hearing and equilibrium
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| Mechanocreceptors | Monitor stretching of blood vessels and internal organs.
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| Thermoreceptors | Detect changes in temperature.
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| Nociceptors | Respond to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue.
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| Photoreceptors | Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye
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| Chemoreceptors | Detect chems in mouth (taste)
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| Osmoreceptors | Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids.
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| Primary motor area | Located in the precentral gyrus, this is hte major control region of the cerebral cortex for initiation of voluntary movements.
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| Pyramidal pathways | Direct pathways conveying impulses from the cortex to the spinal cord.
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| Lateral corticospinal tracts | contain motor neurons that control skilled movements of the hands and feet.
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| Extrapyramidal pathways | tracts include rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal.
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| Basal ganglia | Contain neurons that help initiate and terminate movements; can supress unwanted movements; influence muscle tone.
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| Anteriolateral (spinothalamic) pathways | Mainly carry pain and temperature impulses.
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| Spinocerebellar pathways | The major routes relaying proprioceptive input to the cerebellum; critical for posture, balance and coordination of skilled movements.
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| Posterior column | Include the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus
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| Anterior corticospinal tracts | Contain motor neurons that coordinate movements of hte axial skeleton.
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| Corticobulbar pathways | Contain Axons that convey impusles for precise, voluntary movements of eyes, tongue, and neck, plus chewing, facial expression, and speech.
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| Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathways | Convey sensations of fine touch, stereognosis, proprioception and weight discrimination to the cerebral cortex
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| Muscle spindles | Specialized groupings of muscle fibers interspersed along regular skeletal muscle fibers and oriented parallel to them; monitor changes in teh length of a skeletal muscle.
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| Tendon organs | Inform CNS about changes in muscle tension
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| Nociceptors | Free nerve ending receptors for pain.
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| Meissner corpuscles | Encapsulated receptors for touch located in teh dermal papillae; found in hairless skin, eyelids, tip of the tongue and lips.
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| Pacinian corpuscles | Lamellated corpuscles that detect pressure
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| Ruffini corpuscles | Lamellated corpuscles that detect pressure.
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| Cold receptors | Located int eh stratum basale and activated by low temperatures
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| Warm receptors | Located in teh dermis and activated by high temperatures.
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| Joint kinesthetic receptors | Found within and around the articular capsules of snovial joitns; respond to pressure and acceleration and deceleration of joints.
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| Merkel discs | Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors that function in fine touch.
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