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HAI- Chpt 15 Tortora
Sensory, Motor and Integrative Systems
| Concept or Word | Definition |
|---|---|
| Perception | Conscious awareness and the interpretation of meaning of sensations. |
| Sensory modality | Unique type of sensation (i.e.-touch, pain, vision or hearing) |
| General senses | Somatic senses and visceral senses |
| Special senses | Sensory modalites of smell, taste, hearing and equilibrium. |
| Sensory receptor | Specialized cell or dendrites of of a sensory neuron. |
| Transduce - | Convert (energy) |
| Free nerve endings | bare dendrites, lack any structural specializations that can be seen under a light microscope. |
| Free nerve ending receptors | Receptors for pain, thermal, tickle, itch and some touch. |
| Encapsulated nerve ending receptors | Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule that has a distictive microscopic structure- i.e. Lamellated (pacincian) corpuscles |
| Separate cells (synapse with 1st order sensory neurons) | Hair cells (hearing, equilibrium) gustatory receptors (taste buds) |
| Photoreceptors | Specialized separate cells for vision. |
| Exterceptors | At or near body surface. |
| Interoceptors | Located in blood vessels, visceral organs and nervous system. |
| Proprioceptors | Located in muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear. |
| Exterceptors | Provide info about external enviroment, convey visual, smell, taste, touch, pressure, vibration, therman and pain sensations. |
| Interceptors | Provide info about internal enviroment, impulses produced usually are not consciously perceived but occasinally may be felt as pressure or pain. |
| Proprioceptors | Provide info about body position, muscle length, tension, position and motion of joints and equilibrium. |
| Mechanocreceptors | Detect mechanical pressure. |
| Mechanocreceptors | Provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioceptino, hearing and equilibrium |
| Mechanocreceptors | Monitor stretching of blood vessels and internal organs. |
| Thermoreceptors | Detect changes in temperature. |
| Nociceptors | Respond to stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissue. |
| Photoreceptors | Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye |
| Chemoreceptors | Detect chems in mouth (taste) |
| Osmoreceptors | Sense the osmotic pressure of body fluids. |
| Primary motor area | Located in the precentral gyrus, this is hte major control region of the cerebral cortex for initiation of voluntary movements. |
| Pyramidal pathways | Direct pathways conveying impulses from the cortex to the spinal cord. |
| Lateral corticospinal tracts | contain motor neurons that control skilled movements of the hands and feet. |
| Extrapyramidal pathways | tracts include rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, lateral reticulospinal, and medial reticulospinal. |
| Basal ganglia | Contain neurons that help initiate and terminate movements; can supress unwanted movements; influence muscle tone. |
| Anteriolateral (spinothalamic) pathways | Mainly carry pain and temperature impulses. |
| Spinocerebellar pathways | The major routes relaying proprioceptive input to the cerebellum; critical for posture, balance and coordination of skilled movements. |
| Posterior column | Include the gracile fasciculus and cuneate fasciculus |
| Anterior corticospinal tracts | Contain motor neurons that coordinate movements of hte axial skeleton. |
| Corticobulbar pathways | Contain Axons that convey impusles for precise, voluntary movements of eyes, tongue, and neck, plus chewing, facial expression, and speech. |
| Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathways | Convey sensations of fine touch, stereognosis, proprioception and weight discrimination to the cerebral cortex |
| Muscle spindles | Specialized groupings of muscle fibers interspersed along regular skeletal muscle fibers and oriented parallel to them; monitor changes in teh length of a skeletal muscle. |
| Tendon organs | Inform CNS about changes in muscle tension |
| Nociceptors | Free nerve ending receptors for pain. |
| Meissner corpuscles | Encapsulated receptors for touch located in teh dermal papillae; found in hairless skin, eyelids, tip of the tongue and lips. |
| Pacinian corpuscles | Lamellated corpuscles that detect pressure |
| Ruffini corpuscles | Lamellated corpuscles that detect pressure. |
| Cold receptors | Located int eh stratum basale and activated by low temperatures |
| Warm receptors | Located in teh dermis and activated by high temperatures. |
| Joint kinesthetic receptors | Found within and around the articular capsules of snovial joitns; respond to pressure and acceleration and deceleration of joints. |
| Merkel discs | Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors that function in fine touch. |
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