Anatomy Lab
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| Parathyroid Hormone | hormone acts to stimulate osteoclast activity and thus increase bone resorption
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| Osteoclast | cells primarily responsible for bone resorption
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| Functions of skeletal system | Support
Movement
Protection
Mineral storage
Fat(lipid) storage
Blood cell formation
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| Osteoblasts | responsible for synthesizing the organic component of bone matrix
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| Divisions of the skeleton | Axial (skull, spinal cord, ribcage)
Appendicular (pectoral girdle & limbs, pelvic girdle & limbs)
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| Long bone | Primarily compact bone
Longer than wide
(ex: limbs)
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| Short bone | Mostly spongy bone
Cube shape
(ex: wrist and ankles)
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| Flat bone | Thin flat spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone [=]
(ex: skull, ribs)
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| Sesamoid bone | Short bones formed in tendons
(ex: patella; knee cap)
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| Wormian bone | Tiny bones in sutures between major cranial bones
(sutural bones)
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| Irregular bones | does not fit into any other category
(ex: vertebrae)
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| Tuberosity (bone marking term) | large rounded projections
(site of muscle & ligament attachment)
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| Trochanter (bone marking term) | Only on femer; large blunt surface
(site of muscle & ligament attachment)
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| Spine (bone marking term) | Sharp slender pointed projection
(site of muscle & ligament attachment)
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| Head (bone marking term) | Bony extension on narrow neck
(helps form joints)
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| Facet (bone marking term) | smooth nearly flat articular surface
(helps form joints)
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| Fossa (bone marking term) | Basin like depression (socket)
(Depression & opening allows BV & nerve pass through)
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| Foramen (bone marking term) | Round or oval opening through a bone
(Depression & opening allows BV & nerve pass through)
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| Periosteum | Membrane on the outer surface of all bones
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| Endosteum | Membrane that lines the inner surface of all bones.
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| Yellow bone marrow | Inside bone cavity (fat storage)
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| Red bone marrow | In spongy bone produces red blood cells
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| Epiphyseal Plate | Growth plate.
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| Articular cartilage | On articulating joint surfaces
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| Diaphysis | middle section of long bone
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| Epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone
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| Proximal epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone closer to trunk
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| Distal Epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone farther from trunk.
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| Sharpeys fibers | matrix of connective tissue connect the periosteum to bone.
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| Osteoblasts | Bone forming cells
(outer bone surface)
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| Osteoclasts | bone destroying cells
(Inner bone; medullary cavity)
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| Costal Cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: end of ribs (costal-sternal junction)
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| Laryngeal cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: Around larynx (voice box) for protection
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| Tracheal cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: Rings forming wall fo trachea
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| Bronchial cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: In the bronchi of the respiratory system
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| Nasal cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage
area: at the tip/end of the nose (externally)
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| Intervertebral discs type; area | Type: Fibrocartilage
area: Found between vertebrae (seperates & cushions)
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| Perichondrium Structure & function | Dense irregular connective tissue
Covers cartilage
Fx: brace to resist distortion of cartilage, aids rowth and repair of cartilage.
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| Name 4 sutures of the skull | Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamous suture
Lambdoid suture
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| Sagittal suture connects which bones? | Midline suture point of 2 parietal ones
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| Coronal suture connects which bones? | Connects Frontal bone to both left and right parietal bones
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| Squamous suture connects which bones? | Temporal to Parietal bones
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| Lambdoid suture connects which bones? | Occipital bone to the left and right parietal bones
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| Name the 8 bones that make up the cranium. | Frontal bone
Left Parietal bone
Right Parietal bone
Left Temporal bone
Right Temporal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
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| Two functions of sinuses | Lighten the skull
Resonance chamber for speech
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| What is the orbit? | Eye socket
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| What tow bones form the nasal septum? | Posterior: Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) and vomer bone
Anterior: (optional) septal cartilage
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| What bones form the cheekbone? | Zygomatic bone and lateral wings of the maxilla
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| Why is the sphenoid bone called the keystone of the cranial floor? | It articulates (as a central wedge) with ALL other cranial bones
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| What structure is found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? | Pituitary Gland
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| What passes through the holes of the cribiform plate? | Olfactory Nerve I fibers
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| Name the bone: Forehead bone | Frontal bone
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| Name the bone: Lower Jaw | Mandible
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| Name the bone: Bridge of the nose | Nasal bones
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| Name the bone: Much of the lateral and superior cranium | Parietal bone (L&R)
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| Name the bone: Contains the foremen Magnum | Occipital bone
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| Name the bone: Cribiform plate | Ethmoid bone
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| Name the bone: Optic foraamen | Sphenoid (lesser wing)
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| Name the bone: Mental Foramen | Mandible
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| Name the bone: supraorbital foramen | frontal bone
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| Name the bone: styloid process | temportal bone
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| Name the bone:(2) Jugular foramen | articulation of temporal and occipital
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| Name the bone: 1(3) bones of the middle ear | Ossicles (stapes, incus, malleus)
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| Name the bone: Crista galli | ethmoid bone
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| Name the bone: (2) alveolar process bearing teeth | Maxilla & mandible
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| Name the bone: Condyles articulate with the atlas | Occipital condyles
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| Name the bone: Mastoid process | Temporal bone
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| Name the bone: Carotid canal | Temporal bone
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| Name the bone: Internal acoustic meatus | Temporal bone
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| Name the bone: Mandibular fossa | On the Temporal bone
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| Name the bone: Greater and lesser wings | Sphenoid bone
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| Name the bone: Zygomatic process | Temporal bone
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| Name the bone: External auditory meatus | Temporal bone
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| Name the bone: Point of tongue muscle attachment | Temporal bone (specifically styloid & mastoid processes; hyoid also serves as tongue attachment)
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| How many vertebrae make up the human spine? | 33 individual bones
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. Only the top 24 bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused.
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| Name the Three regions of vertebra. | Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
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| How many vertebra in the Cervical Region? | 7 cervical vertebrae Including axis & atlas (C1-C7)
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| How many Lumbar vertebra? | The five lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5. These vertebrae are much larger in size for their weight-bearing function.
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| How many Thoracic vertebra? | The 12 thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12. The range of motion in the thoracic spine is limited.
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| What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs? | Fibrocartilage
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| Describe Lordosis | Swayback, extension of the lumbar region
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| Describe Kyphosis | Hunchback distension of the thoracic vertebra
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| Describe scoliosis | When the spine curves laterally away from the medial line
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| What are the major components of the thorax? (excluding spinal column) | Ribs
Sternum
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| What is a true rib? | A true rib has its own costal cartilage attachment to the sternum.
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| What is a false rib? | A false rib does not directly attach to the sternum. It either attaches indirectly or not at all.
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| Name the fontanels of the baby skull. | Anterior fontanel
Mastoid Fontanel
Posterior fontanel
Sphenoidal fontanel
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: . Odentoid process or dens | Axis
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: . Spinous process points downward. | Thoracic vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Massive, weight sustaining | Lumbar vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Tail Bone | Coccyx
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .superior articular facets are turned medially | Lumbar vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Spinous process hatchet shaped | Lumbar vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Facet for tubercle of rib on transverse process | Thoracic vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Superior articular facets are flat | Cervical vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .bifurcated spinous process | Cervical vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: . No body | Atlas
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Inferior articular facets are turned laterally | Lumbar vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Smallest, lightest vertebra | cervical vertebra
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Largest superior articular facets | Atlas
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| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Triangular vertebral foramen | Lumbar vertebra
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| Name the bones (2) of the pectoral girdle | Scapula
Clavicle
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| Lateral bone of the forearm | Radius
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| Madial bone of the forearm | Ulna
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| Pectoral girdle that is unattached to the axial skeleton | Scapula
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| Depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerous | glenoid cavity (fossa)
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| Rounded knob of humerous that articulates with the radius | capitulum
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| Scapular region to which clavical connects | Acromion Process
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| Process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment | Coracoid process
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| The "collarbone" | Clavicle
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| Distal condyle of the humerous that articulates with the ulna | Trochlea
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| Forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow | Ulna
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| Wrist bones | Carpals
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| Finger bones | Phalanges
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| Heads of these bones form the knuckles | metacarpals
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| Bones (2) that articulate with the clavicle | Manubrium (sternum)
Scapula
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| Anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, which receives part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed | Coronoid fossa
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| 3 bones fuse to form the coxal bone | Ilium
Pubis
Ischium
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| Point where coxal bones join anteriorly | Pubic symphysis
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| Superior most margin of the coxal bone | Iliac crest
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| Deep socket of the coxal bone that receives the head of the femer | Acetabulum
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| The lateral bone of the lower leg | Fibula
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| Thick medial bone of lower leg | Tibia
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| Kneecap | Patella
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| Shinbone | Tibia
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| Ankle bones | Tarsals
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| Longest bone in the body | femur
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| Largest tarsal bone | Calcaneus
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| Tarsal bone that supports the body weight/articulates with the calculaneous | Talus
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| Lateral ankle projection | Lateral malleolus (fibula)
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| Medial ankle projection | Medial malleolous (tibia)
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| Bones forming the instep of foot | Metatarsals
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| Bones (2) forming knee joint | Tibia
Femur
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| Bone with the lateral malleolous | Fibula
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| Bone with the medial Malleolous | Tibia
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| Compare Male and female pelvis: .Inlet | Female inlet is large and more circular
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| Compare Male and female pelvis: .depth | Female pelvis as a whole is challower and bone is lighter and thinner
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| Compare Male and female pelvis: .sacrum | Female sacrum is broader and less curved, pubic arch is more rounded
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| Compare Male and female pelvis: .acetabula & ilia | Female acetabula are smaller and farther apart, ilia flare laterally
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| Compare Male and female pelvis: .ischial spines .. pelvic outlet | Female ischial spines are shorter and farter apart, inverted *larger pelvic outlet
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| What characteristics do all joints have in common? | All are made of connective tissue, all hold bones together.
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| Identify Joint type: Typically allows a slight degree of movement | cartilaginous
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| Identify Joint type: Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis | cartilaginous
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| Identify Joint type: Essentially immoveable joints | Fibrous
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| Identify Joint type: Sutures are an example of this joint type | Fibrous
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| Identify Joint type: Characterized by cartilage connecting the articulating bone ends | cartilaginous
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| Identify Joint type: a fiberous articulr capsule lined with a membrane surrounding a joint cavity | synovial
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| Identify Joint type: all are freely moveable | synovial
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| Identify Joint type: bone regions are united by fibrous connective tissue | Fibrous
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| Identify Joint type: include hip, knee, and elbow joints. | synovial
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| Identify Joint type: ampiarthrotic | caartilaginous
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| Identify Joint type: diathrotic | synovial
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| Identify Joint type: synarthrotic | fibrous
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| Classify Joint : Joint between skull bones | fibrous
synarthrotic
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| Classify Joint : joint between axis and atlas | Synovial
Uniaxial
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| Classify Joint : Hip joint | Synovial
Multiaxial
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| Classify Joint : Intervertebral joints | Cartilagenous
Symphysis
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| Classify Joint : Elbow | Synovial
Uniaxial
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| Classify Joint : Interphalangeal joints | synovial
Uniaxial
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| Classify Joint : Joint between talus and tibia/fibula | Synovial
Uniaxial
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| Classify Joint : Epiphyseal plate of a childs long bone | cartilagenous
synchondrosis
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| Joint between forearm bones and wrist | synovial
Biaxial
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