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A&P231 lab 2 exam
Anatomy Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Parathyroid Hormone | hormone acts to stimulate osteoclast activity and thus increase bone resorption |
| Osteoclast | cells primarily responsible for bone resorption |
| Functions of skeletal system | Support Movement Protection Mineral storage Fat(lipid) storage Blood cell formation |
| Osteoblasts | responsible for synthesizing the organic component of bone matrix |
| Divisions of the skeleton | Axial (skull, spinal cord, ribcage) Appendicular (pectoral girdle & limbs, pelvic girdle & limbs) |
| Long bone | Primarily compact bone Longer than wide (ex: limbs) |
| Short bone | Mostly spongy bone Cube shape (ex: wrist and ankles) |
| Flat bone | Thin flat spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone [=] (ex: skull, ribs) |
| Sesamoid bone | Short bones formed in tendons (ex: patella; knee cap) |
| Wormian bone | Tiny bones in sutures between major cranial bones (sutural bones) |
| Irregular bones | does not fit into any other category (ex: vertebrae) |
| Tuberosity (bone marking term) | large rounded projections (site of muscle & ligament attachment) |
| Trochanter (bone marking term) | Only on femer; large blunt surface (site of muscle & ligament attachment) |
| Spine (bone marking term) | Sharp slender pointed projection (site of muscle & ligament attachment) |
| Head (bone marking term) | Bony extension on narrow neck (helps form joints) |
| Facet (bone marking term) | smooth nearly flat articular surface (helps form joints) |
| Fossa (bone marking term) | Basin like depression (socket) (Depression & opening allows BV & nerve pass through) |
| Foramen (bone marking term) | Round or oval opening through a bone (Depression & opening allows BV & nerve pass through) |
| Periosteum | Membrane on the outer surface of all bones |
| Endosteum | Membrane that lines the inner surface of all bones. |
| Yellow bone marrow | Inside bone cavity (fat storage) |
| Red bone marrow | In spongy bone produces red blood cells |
| Epiphyseal Plate | Growth plate. |
| Articular cartilage | On articulating joint surfaces |
| Diaphysis | middle section of long bone |
| Epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone |
| Proximal epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone closer to trunk |
| Distal Epiphysis | Rounded end of long bone farther from trunk. |
| Sharpeys fibers | matrix of connective tissue connect the periosteum to bone. |
| Osteoblasts | Bone forming cells (outer bone surface) |
| Osteoclasts | bone destroying cells (Inner bone; medullary cavity) |
| Costal Cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage area: end of ribs (costal-sternal junction) |
| Laryngeal cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage area: Around larynx (voice box) for protection |
| Tracheal cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage area: Rings forming wall fo trachea |
| Bronchial cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage area: In the bronchi of the respiratory system |
| Nasal cartilage type; area | Type: Hyaline cartilage area: at the tip/end of the nose (externally) |
| Intervertebral discs type; area | Type: Fibrocartilage area: Found between vertebrae (seperates & cushions) |
| Perichondrium Structure & function | Dense irregular connective tissue Covers cartilage Fx: brace to resist distortion of cartilage, aids rowth and repair of cartilage. |
| Name 4 sutures of the skull | Coronal suture Sagittal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture |
| Sagittal suture connects which bones? | Midline suture point of 2 parietal ones |
| Coronal suture connects which bones? | Connects Frontal bone to both left and right parietal bones |
| Squamous suture connects which bones? | Temporal to Parietal bones |
| Lambdoid suture connects which bones? | Occipital bone to the left and right parietal bones |
| Name the 8 bones that make up the cranium. | Frontal bone Left Parietal bone Right Parietal bone Left Temporal bone Right Temporal bone Occipital bone Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone |
| Two functions of sinuses | Lighten the skull Resonance chamber for speech |
| What is the orbit? | Eye socket |
| What tow bones form the nasal septum? | Posterior: Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) and vomer bone Anterior: (optional) septal cartilage |
| What bones form the cheekbone? | Zygomatic bone and lateral wings of the maxilla |
| Why is the sphenoid bone called the keystone of the cranial floor? | It articulates (as a central wedge) with ALL other cranial bones |
| What structure is found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone? | Pituitary Gland |
| What passes through the holes of the cribiform plate? | Olfactory Nerve I fibers |
| Name the bone: Forehead bone | Frontal bone |
| Name the bone: Lower Jaw | Mandible |
| Name the bone: Bridge of the nose | Nasal bones |
| Name the bone: Much of the lateral and superior cranium | Parietal bone (L&R) |
| Name the bone: Contains the foremen Magnum | Occipital bone |
| Name the bone: Cribiform plate | Ethmoid bone |
| Name the bone: Optic foraamen | Sphenoid (lesser wing) |
| Name the bone: Mental Foramen | Mandible |
| Name the bone: supraorbital foramen | frontal bone |
| Name the bone: styloid process | temportal bone |
| Name the bone:(2) Jugular foramen | articulation of temporal and occipital |
| Name the bone: 1(3) bones of the middle ear | Ossicles (stapes, incus, malleus) |
| Name the bone: Crista galli | ethmoid bone |
| Name the bone: (2) alveolar process bearing teeth | Maxilla & mandible |
| Name the bone: Condyles articulate with the atlas | Occipital condyles |
| Name the bone: Mastoid process | Temporal bone |
| Name the bone: Carotid canal | Temporal bone |
| Name the bone: Internal acoustic meatus | Temporal bone |
| Name the bone: Mandibular fossa | On the Temporal bone |
| Name the bone: Greater and lesser wings | Sphenoid bone |
| Name the bone: Zygomatic process | Temporal bone |
| Name the bone: External auditory meatus | Temporal bone |
| Name the bone: Point of tongue muscle attachment | Temporal bone (specifically styloid & mastoid processes; hyoid also serves as tongue attachment) |
| How many vertebrae make up the human spine? | 33 individual bones 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal. Only the top 24 bones are moveable; the vertebrae of the sacrum and coccyx are fused. |
| Name the Three regions of vertebra. | Cervical Thoracic Lumbar |
| How many vertebra in the Cervical Region? | 7 cervical vertebrae Including axis & atlas (C1-C7) |
| How many Lumbar vertebra? | The five lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5. These vertebrae are much larger in size for their weight-bearing function. |
| How many Thoracic vertebra? | The 12 thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12. The range of motion in the thoracic spine is limited. |
| What kind of tissue composes the intervertebral discs? | Fibrocartilage |
| Describe Lordosis | Swayback, extension of the lumbar region |
| Describe Kyphosis | Hunchback distension of the thoracic vertebra |
| Describe scoliosis | When the spine curves laterally away from the medial line |
| What are the major components of the thorax? (excluding spinal column) | Ribs Sternum |
| What is a true rib? | A true rib has its own costal cartilage attachment to the sternum. |
| What is a false rib? | A false rib does not directly attach to the sternum. It either attaches indirectly or not at all. |
| Name the fontanels of the baby skull. | Anterior fontanel Mastoid Fontanel Posterior fontanel Sphenoidal fontanel |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: . Odentoid process or dens | Axis |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: . Spinous process points downward. | Thoracic vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Massive, weight sustaining | Lumbar vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Tail Bone | Coccyx |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .superior articular facets are turned medially | Lumbar vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Spinous process hatchet shaped | Lumbar vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Facet for tubercle of rib on transverse process | Thoracic vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Superior articular facets are flat | Cervical vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .bifurcated spinous process | Cervical vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: . No body | Atlas |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Inferior articular facets are turned laterally | Lumbar vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Smallest, lightest vertebra | cervical vertebra |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Largest superior articular facets | Atlas |
| Identify vertebral structure/region: .Triangular vertebral foramen | Lumbar vertebra |
| Name the bones (2) of the pectoral girdle | Scapula Clavicle |
| Lateral bone of the forearm | Radius |
| Madial bone of the forearm | Ulna |
| Pectoral girdle that is unattached to the axial skeleton | Scapula |
| Depression in the scapula that articulates with the humerous | glenoid cavity (fossa) |
| Rounded knob of humerous that articulates with the radius | capitulum |
| Scapular region to which clavical connects | Acromion Process |
| Process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment | Coracoid process |
| The "collarbone" | Clavicle |
| Distal condyle of the humerous that articulates with the ulna | Trochlea |
| Forearm bone involved in formation of the elbow | Ulna |
| Wrist bones | Carpals |
| Finger bones | Phalanges |
| Heads of these bones form the knuckles | metacarpals |
| Bones (2) that articulate with the clavicle | Manubrium (sternum) Scapula |
| Anterior depression, superior to the trochlea, which receives part of the ulna when the forearm is flexed | Coronoid fossa |
| 3 bones fuse to form the coxal bone | Ilium Pubis Ischium |
| Point where coxal bones join anteriorly | Pubic symphysis |
| Superior most margin of the coxal bone | Iliac crest |
| Deep socket of the coxal bone that receives the head of the femer | Acetabulum |
| The lateral bone of the lower leg | Fibula |
| Thick medial bone of lower leg | Tibia |
| Kneecap | Patella |
| Shinbone | Tibia |
| Ankle bones | Tarsals |
| Longest bone in the body | femur |
| Largest tarsal bone | Calcaneus |
| Tarsal bone that supports the body weight/articulates with the calculaneous | Talus |
| Lateral ankle projection | Lateral malleolus (fibula) |
| Medial ankle projection | Medial malleolous (tibia) |
| Bones forming the instep of foot | Metatarsals |
| Bones (2) forming knee joint | Tibia Femur |
| Bone with the lateral malleolous | Fibula |
| Bone with the medial Malleolous | Tibia |
| Compare Male and female pelvis: .Inlet | Female inlet is large and more circular |
| Compare Male and female pelvis: .depth | Female pelvis as a whole is challower and bone is lighter and thinner |
| Compare Male and female pelvis: .sacrum | Female sacrum is broader and less curved, pubic arch is more rounded |
| Compare Male and female pelvis: .acetabula & ilia | Female acetabula are smaller and farther apart, ilia flare laterally |
| Compare Male and female pelvis: .ischial spines .. pelvic outlet | Female ischial spines are shorter and farter apart, inverted *larger pelvic outlet |
| What characteristics do all joints have in common? | All are made of connective tissue, all hold bones together. |
| Identify Joint type: Typically allows a slight degree of movement | cartilaginous |
| Identify Joint type: Includes joints between the vertebral bodies and the pubic symphysis | cartilaginous |
| Identify Joint type: Essentially immoveable joints | Fibrous |
| Identify Joint type: Sutures are an example of this joint type | Fibrous |
| Identify Joint type: Characterized by cartilage connecting the articulating bone ends | cartilaginous |
| Identify Joint type: a fiberous articulr capsule lined with a membrane surrounding a joint cavity | synovial |
| Identify Joint type: all are freely moveable | synovial |
| Identify Joint type: bone regions are united by fibrous connective tissue | Fibrous |
| Identify Joint type: include hip, knee, and elbow joints. | synovial |
| Identify Joint type: ampiarthrotic | caartilaginous |
| Identify Joint type: diathrotic | synovial |
| Identify Joint type: synarthrotic | fibrous |
| Classify Joint : Joint between skull bones | fibrous synarthrotic |
| Classify Joint : joint between axis and atlas | Synovial Uniaxial |
| Classify Joint : Hip joint | Synovial Multiaxial |
| Classify Joint : Intervertebral joints | Cartilagenous Symphysis |
| Classify Joint : Elbow | Synovial Uniaxial |
| Classify Joint : Interphalangeal joints | synovial Uniaxial |
| Classify Joint : Joint between talus and tibia/fibula | Synovial Uniaxial |
| Classify Joint : Epiphyseal plate of a childs long bone | cartilagenous synchondrosis |
| Joint between forearm bones and wrist | synovial Biaxial |
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