Endocrine System !!
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| exocrine | secretes products into ducts
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| endocrine | secrete products into body fluids to affect target cells. Actions are metabolic and precise.
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| Hormones | chemicals that carry messages to target cells
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| endocrine glands | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, pineal
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| endocrine organs | Hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, kidney, testes,thymus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenalgland.
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| Process of endocrine system | hormone secreted into bloodstream, target cells recieve and respond.
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| hormones are | steroids, amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins
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| steroid hormones | lipid soluble and can pass through cell membrane. receptors for hormones are in the target cells nucleus. the hormone receptor complex binds with the DNA and activates specific genes that direct the synthesis of specific proteins
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| Nonsteroid hormones | combine with receptors in target cell membranes; the receptors have a binding and an activity site. the hormone receptor complex(1st messenger) triggers activity. G protein, enzyme adenylates cyclase, ATP to cAMP. (2nd)proteins and enzymes induce change.
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| Other nonsteroids use | diacylglycerol (DAG), or inositol triphosphate.
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| Prostaglandins | lipids that affect organ in which they are produced
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| effects of prostaglandins | relaz smooth muscle, contract smooth muscle, stimulate secretion of hormones, influence blood pressure and inflammation.
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| Negative feedback systems | control hormone release. a gland is sensitive to the concentration of the substance it regulates. when a concentration goes up or down it inhibits the gland from secreting more hormone until it returns to normal.(ex:insulin and glycagon)
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| Glycemia | endocrine disease. symptoms: trembling, increased heart rate, irritability, headache, hunger, anxiety, weak, tired, blurred vision, ringing in ears, persperation. HYPO-low blood glucose
HYPER-high blood glucose
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| Hirsutism | women have excess male hormones (androgens, primarily testosterone. causes excess amount of facial hair.
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| Adrenal Gland | On top of kidney.
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| epinephrine, norepinephrine, aldosterone, cortisol | hormones in adrenal gland that increase heart rate,metabolism, affects blood flow, responds to stress (fight or flight), controls[]of mineral electrolites, glucose metabolism.
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| Ovary | lateral wall of pelvic cavity
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| Estrogen, progesterone | female hormones for puberty, and changes uterine lining in preperation for pregnancy. Found in Ovary
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| Testes | pelvic cavity
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| testosterone | hormone that aids in maturity of body, and male secondary sex characteristics
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| Kidney | side of abdominal cavity
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| Erythropoietin | hormone found in kidney. Stimulates production of red blood cells
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| Thymus | Between the lungs
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| Thymosins | hormones that aid in immunity
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| Pineal gland | between cerebral hemispheres, attaches to thalamus
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| melatonin | biological clock (dark/light cycles, circadian rhythms regulate)
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| Parathyroid gland | posterior surface of thyroid gland
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| parathyroid hormone, calcitonin | hormone maintains blood calcium concentration. affects bones, kidneys, and intestine
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| thyroid gland | below larynx and in front of trachea
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| thyroxine, calcitonin, triiodothyronine | hormone regulates metabolism, increases rate of protein synthesis. in thyroid gland
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| Hypothalamus | in brain
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| epinephrine, corticotropin | hormones that respond to stress. In brain.
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| Pituitary gland | at base of brain
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| Growth hormone, Prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenoconticotropic hormones, FSH, ADH | in pituitary gland
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| pancreas | near small intestine (posterior to stomach). secretes digestive juices
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| glucagon | raises blood glucose levels in pancreas
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| insulin | lowers blood glucose levels in pancreas, promotes storage of organic fuel, glycogen synthesis.
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| TRH | Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone.(pituitary hormone) stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone.
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| GnRH | Gonadropin-releasing hormone. (pituitary hormone). Stimulates secretion of FSH ans LH, the muturation of gametes and production of reproductive hormones
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| Somatostatin | SST (pituitary hormone). inhibits secretion of GHRH
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| GHRH | growth hormone releasing hormone.(pituitary hormone) stimulates growth and energy metabolism
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| CRH | Corticotropin releasing hormone. (Pituitary hormone). stimulates secretion of ACTH which secretes glucocorticoids
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| Funtions of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)? | controls blood volume,blood pressure, and salt balance (in heart)
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| functions of peptide hormone gastrin? | Stimulates HCl secretion in stomach and growth of gastric mucosa.
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| Glucose | causes pancreas to secrete insulin when glucose is present in the small intestine
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| motilin | released about every 90 minutes and causees the smooth peristaltic waves that sweep food toward the terminus of the small intestine
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| Secretin | causes the gall bladder and pancreas to secrete bicarbonate ion into the small intestines where it neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
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| Cholecystokinin | stimulates secretion of bile by gallbladder, secretions of digestive enzymes of pancreas, and promotes growth and maintenance of pancreas and gallbladder.
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| Function of erythropoietin | Stimulates bone marrow to increase production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) (in kidney)
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| Function of calcitrol? | Increases uptake of calcium from intestine. (in kidneys)
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| inhibin | regulates secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary in a negative feedbacl mechanism
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| Estrogen | important for egg decelopment inside the ovarian follicles
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| Progesterone | Important after ovulation for maintaining the integrity of the uterine lining and during pregnancy
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| testosterone | aids in development of gametes, is respondsible for secondary sex characteristics, and controls libido
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| What are two pesterior pituitary hormones? | oxytosin and vasopressin
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| Aldosterone | mineralcorticoid that causes the reabsorption of sodium and the secretion of potassium (adrenal gland)
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| Cortisol | glucocorticoid that regulates metabolism, regulates immune system, and facilitates the stress response. (adrenal gland)
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| Androgens | Stimulates growth spurt early in puberty and controls female sex drive
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| What is the importance of catecholamines? (adrenal gland) | the give the fight or flight response
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| what are the functions of thymic hormones? | regulate T cell development and play a role in immune response
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| Functions of TH | regulates metabolic functions, is essential for growth, essential for development of nervous system, amplifies the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (heart)
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| What is the function of the pineal gland? | coordinates internal clock by melatonin
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| TSH | Anterior pituitary hormone: target thyroid gland and stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
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| FSH | Anterior pituitary hormone: targets follice, trigggers ovulation and increases secretion of progesterone. In males, it stimulates testosterone production
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| LH | Anterior pituitary hormone: targets follicles in ovaries and stimulats growth of follicle and production of estrogen. In males, it targets the testes and stimulates sperm cell production
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| PRL | Anterior pituitary hormone: targets breasts in females. Stimulates breast development and lactation
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| GH | Anterior pituitary hormone: targets most bodily tissues and stimulates metabolism and growth of those tissues
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| ACTH | Anterior pituitary hormone: targets the adrenal cortex and causes the secretion of glucocorticoids
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| Oxytocin | in breasts
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