syllabus terms & questions
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| General term for the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure. | anatomy
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| Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. | physiology
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| Relationship between anatomy and physiology | structure determines what function can occur
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| Structural & functional organization of the body | 1.chemical or molecule
2.organelle
3.cell
4.tissue
5.organ
6.organ system
7.organism
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| Body systems(BS) - consists of skin, hair, and sweat glands; provides protection, regulates temp, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D | integumentary
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| BS - consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints; provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. | skeletal
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| BS - voluntary muscles attached to skeleton for movement, muscles attached by tendons; produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. | muscular
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| BS - Lymph nodes; Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. | lymphatic
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| BS - O2 and CO2; lungs and respiratory passages; exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. | respiratory
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| BS - digestion and absorption; mouth, stomach, esophagus, intestines, and accessory organs; Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wasts | digestive
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| BS - provides the means for responding to changes in the external environment, has th same embryonic origin as the integumentary system; Brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors; a major regulatory system that detects sensations & controls movements | nervous
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| BS - composed of glands or tissues that secrete hormones; a major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions | endocrine
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| BS - consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood; Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temp. | cardiovascular
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| BS - removes waste (urea, uric acid, NH3); kidneys, urinary, bladder, and ducts that carry urine | urinary
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| BS - ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures; produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. | female reproductive
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| BS - testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis; produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormone that influence sexual functions and behaviors. | male reproductive
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| What are the 6 characteristics of life | 1. organization
2. metabolism
3. responsiveness
4. growth
5. development
6. reproduction
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| ideal, normal value maintained by homeostasis | set point
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| slight increases and decreases of a variable around the set point | normal range
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| What are the 3 components of negative feedback | receptor, control center, effector
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| A deviation from the set point is the ________? | stimulous
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| Changes the value of a variable | effector
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| Whats a classic example of positive feedback? | oxytocin
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| What is another example of positive feedback? | blood clotting
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| Constantly increasing value outside of the normal range? | Positive feedback
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| this imaging is resistent to x-ray penetration | radiodensity
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| whats most resistent to xrays | bone
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| xrays posses what? | energy
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| what do you have to have for a CT scan | xray
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| what is resistent to xray penetration least to greatest | air - fat - liver - blood - muscle - bone
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| humans are walking _________ | solutions
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| Anything that occupies space and has mass | matter
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| amount of matter in an object | mass
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| grvitational force acting on an object of a given mass | weight
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| international unit for mass | kilogram
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| 1/1000 the mass of a kilogram | gram
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| simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties | element
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| smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element | atom
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| subatomic particle with no electrical charge | neutron
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| subatomic particle with one negative charge | electron
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| central part of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons | nucleus
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| visual representative of the region in which any given electron is most likely to be found | electron cloud
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| number of protons in an atom | atomic number
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| number of protons pus the number of neutrons in an atom | mass number
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| two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons | isotopes
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| 1/12 the mass of 12C | unified atomic mass unit (dalton)
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| average mass of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element | atomis mass
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| number of atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C | Avogadro's number
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| amount of a substance that contains avogadro;s number of entities such as atoms | mole
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| mass of 1 mole of a substance expressed in grams | molar mass
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| bond in which two atoms share an electron pair | single covalent bond
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| bond which two atoms share four electrons | double covalent bond
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| bond in which two atoms share electrons equally | nonpolar covalent bond
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| bond in which two atoms share electrons unequally | polar covalent bond
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| Weak electrostatic attractions between the oppositely charged arts of different molecules or between ions and molecules | intermolecular forces
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| what unique properties do hydrogen bonds account for in water | High boiling point and good solvent for other polar molecules
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| ability of one substance to dissolve in another | solubility
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| what happens to ions when ionic compounds dissolve in water | dissociate
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| cations and anions that dissociate in water because they can conduct an electrical current | electrolytes
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| a larger reactant chemically broken down into two or more smaller products; | decomposition reaction
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| when two or more reactants combine to form a new and larger product | synthesis reactions
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| reaction that can proceed from reactants to product and from products to reactants | reversible reaction
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| the loss of an electron by an atom is called___________ | oxidation
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| the gain of an electron is called _____________ | reduction
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| because one atom partially or completely loses an electron and another atom gains that electron, these reactions are called? | oxidation-reduction reactions
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| all the decomposition reactions that occur within the body; oxidation | catabolism
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| all the synthesis reactions that occur within the body; reduction | anabolism
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| capacity to do work and to move matter | energy
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| stored energy that could do work but is not doing so | potential energy
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| form of energy that is actually doing work and moving matter | kinetic energy
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| the minimum amount of energy that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction | activation energy
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| increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction to begin. | enzymes
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| any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between them | solution
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| a mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together | suspension
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| a mixture in which a dispersed substance is distributed throughout a dispersing substance; proteins and water | colloid
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| substances that are proton donors; yield H+1 in solution, increasing acidity | acid
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| sunbstances that accept protons; yield OH-1 in solutions increasing basicity | base
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| Measures H+1 concentration on a scale of 0-14 | pH scale
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| chemicals that resist changes in the pH of a solution when either acids or bases are added | buffers
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| important buffers in _____ _______ are composed of biocarbonate, phosphates, amino acids, and proteins | living systems
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| composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large | carbohydrates
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| Large carbohydrates are composed of numberous, relatively simple building bloack called? | monosaccharides
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| Sucrose, lactose, maltose, and other double sugars | disaccharides
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| many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains | polysaccharides
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| second major group of organic molecules common to living systems | lipids
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| the ______ ______ of a protein is determined by the sequence of the amino acids bound to peptide bonds | primary structure
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| the _______ _______ results from the folding or bending of the polypeptide chain caused by the hydrogen bonds between amino acids | secondary structure
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| the _______ ________ results from folding of the pleated sheets or helices | tertiary structure
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| the ________ ________ results from the spatial relationships between the individual subunits | quaternary structure
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| _______ differ in chemical structure from other lipid molecules, but their solubility characteristics are similiar | steroids
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| constitutes 95% of the fats in the human body. | triglycerides
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| the genetic material of cells | DNA
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| structurally related to DNA | RNA
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| an especially important organic molecule in all living organisms | adenosine triphosphate
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| what are three carbohydrates? | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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