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A&P Lecture test TC
syllabus terms & questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General term for the scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure. | anatomy |
| Scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. | physiology |
| Relationship between anatomy and physiology | structure determines what function can occur |
| Structural & functional organization of the body | 1.chemical or molecule 2.organelle 3.cell 4.tissue 5.organ 6.organ system 7.organism |
| Body systems(BS) - consists of skin, hair, and sweat glands; provides protection, regulates temp, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D | integumentary |
| BS - consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints; provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. | skeletal |
| BS - voluntary muscles attached to skeleton for movement, muscles attached by tendons; produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. | muscular |
| BS - Lymph nodes; Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. | lymphatic |
| BS - O2 and CO2; lungs and respiratory passages; exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. | respiratory |
| BS - digestion and absorption; mouth, stomach, esophagus, intestines, and accessory organs; Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wasts | digestive |
| BS - provides the means for responding to changes in the external environment, has th same embryonic origin as the integumentary system; Brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors; a major regulatory system that detects sensations & controls movements | nervous |
| BS - composed of glands or tissues that secrete hormones; a major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions | endocrine |
| BS - consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood; Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temp. | cardiovascular |
| BS - removes waste (urea, uric acid, NH3); kidneys, urinary, bladder, and ducts that carry urine | urinary |
| BS - ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures; produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. | female reproductive |
| BS - testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis; produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormone that influence sexual functions and behaviors. | male reproductive |
| What are the 6 characteristics of life | 1. organization 2. metabolism 3. responsiveness 4. growth 5. development 6. reproduction |
| ideal, normal value maintained by homeostasis | set point |
| slight increases and decreases of a variable around the set point | normal range |
| What are the 3 components of negative feedback | receptor, control center, effector |
| A deviation from the set point is the ________? | stimulous |
| Changes the value of a variable | effector |
| Whats a classic example of positive feedback? | oxytocin |
| What is another example of positive feedback? | blood clotting |
| Constantly increasing value outside of the normal range? | Positive feedback |
| this imaging is resistent to x-ray penetration | radiodensity |
| whats most resistent to xrays | bone |
| xrays posses what? | energy |
| what do you have to have for a CT scan | xray |
| what is resistent to xray penetration least to greatest | air - fat - liver - blood - muscle - bone |
| humans are walking _________ | solutions |
| Anything that occupies space and has mass | matter |
| amount of matter in an object | mass |
| grvitational force acting on an object of a given mass | weight |
| international unit for mass | kilogram |
| 1/1000 the mass of a kilogram | gram |
| simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties | element |
| smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element | atom |
| subatomic particle with no electrical charge | neutron |
| subatomic particle with one negative charge | electron |
| central part of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons | nucleus |
| visual representative of the region in which any given electron is most likely to be found | electron cloud |
| number of protons in an atom | atomic number |
| number of protons pus the number of neutrons in an atom | mass number |
| two or more forms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons | isotopes |
| 1/12 the mass of 12C | unified atomic mass unit (dalton) |
| average mass of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element | atomis mass |
| number of atoms in exactly 12 g of 12C | Avogadro's number |
| amount of a substance that contains avogadro;s number of entities such as atoms | mole |
| mass of 1 mole of a substance expressed in grams | molar mass |
| bond in which two atoms share an electron pair | single covalent bond |
| bond which two atoms share four electrons | double covalent bond |
| bond in which two atoms share electrons equally | nonpolar covalent bond |
| bond in which two atoms share electrons unequally | polar covalent bond |
| Weak electrostatic attractions between the oppositely charged arts of different molecules or between ions and molecules | intermolecular forces |
| what unique properties do hydrogen bonds account for in water | High boiling point and good solvent for other polar molecules |
| ability of one substance to dissolve in another | solubility |
| what happens to ions when ionic compounds dissolve in water | dissociate |
| cations and anions that dissociate in water because they can conduct an electrical current | electrolytes |
| a larger reactant chemically broken down into two or more smaller products; | decomposition reaction |
| when two or more reactants combine to form a new and larger product | synthesis reactions |
| reaction that can proceed from reactants to product and from products to reactants | reversible reaction |
| the loss of an electron by an atom is called___________ | oxidation |
| the gain of an electron is called _____________ | reduction |
| because one atom partially or completely loses an electron and another atom gains that electron, these reactions are called? | oxidation-reduction reactions |
| all the decomposition reactions that occur within the body; oxidation | catabolism |
| all the synthesis reactions that occur within the body; reduction | anabolism |
| capacity to do work and to move matter | energy |
| stored energy that could do work but is not doing so | potential energy |
| form of energy that is actually doing work and moving matter | kinetic energy |
| the minimum amount of energy that the reactants must have to start a chemical reaction | activation energy |
| increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for the reaction to begin. | enzymes |
| any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between them | solution |
| a mixture containing materials that separate from each other unless they are continually, physically blended together | suspension |
| a mixture in which a dispersed substance is distributed throughout a dispersing substance; proteins and water | colloid |
| substances that are proton donors; yield H+1 in solution, increasing acidity | acid |
| sunbstances that accept protons; yield OH-1 in solutions increasing basicity | base |
| Measures H+1 concentration on a scale of 0-14 | pH scale |
| chemicals that resist changes in the pH of a solution when either acids or bases are added | buffers |
| important buffers in _____ _______ are composed of biocarbonate, phosphates, amino acids, and proteins | living systems |
| composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and range in size from small to very large | carbohydrates |
| Large carbohydrates are composed of numberous, relatively simple building bloack called? | monosaccharides |
| Sucrose, lactose, maltose, and other double sugars | disaccharides |
| many monosaccharides bound together to form long chains | polysaccharides |
| second major group of organic molecules common to living systems | lipids |
| the ______ ______ of a protein is determined by the sequence of the amino acids bound to peptide bonds | primary structure |
| the _______ _______ results from the folding or bending of the polypeptide chain caused by the hydrogen bonds between amino acids | secondary structure |
| the _______ ________ results from folding of the pleated sheets or helices | tertiary structure |
| the ________ ________ results from the spatial relationships between the individual subunits | quaternary structure |
| _______ differ in chemical structure from other lipid molecules, but their solubility characteristics are similiar | steroids |
| constitutes 95% of the fats in the human body. | triglycerides |
| the genetic material of cells | DNA |
| structurally related to DNA | RNA |
| an especially important organic molecule in all living organisms | adenosine triphosphate |
| what are three carbohydrates? | monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
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