973-999 AP W keyterm
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| nonalignment | Promotion of alternatives to bloc politics – as in Yugoslavia’s split from the Soviet bloc in 1948. Later Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt joined in the founding of the Nonaligned Movement in the mid-1950s, which had basic princip
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | Created in 1949 under U.S. leadership to create an alliance between most of the Western powers (including Canada) in defense against possible Soviet aggression.
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| perestroika | Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s. This included more scope for private ownership and decentralized control in the areas of industry and agriculture.
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| Prague Spring | In 1968, Czechoslovak Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek tried to liberalize the country's communist regime by introducing democratic reforms such as free speech and freedom of assembly. The period came to be known as the Prague Spring, but it was en
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| purges | In 1936, Stalin began a series of purges aimed at destroying all political opposition and dissident viewpoints. These also included intensive campaigns within key Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD (secret police)
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| Red Guard | Student brigades utilized by Mao Zedong and his political allies during the Cultural Revolution to discredit political opponents/enemies.
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| Sandinistas | Members of Nicaraguan social movement named after Augusto Sandino – during the 1980s successfully carried out a socialist revolution in Nicaragua
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| Six-Day War | Fought between Egypt and Israel in 1967; was disastrous for Egypt and one of the failed foreign adventures under Gamal Abdul Nasser, adding to the regime’s problems
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| Solidarity | In 1970s, in the form of widespread Catholic unrest and an independent labor movement. (Against the back drop of a stagnant economy and low morale)
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| Tiananmen Square | In China, student led, believed the Communist party led government was too corrupt and repressive. Government doesn’t permit democratic reform, 1989.
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| Truman Doctrine | United States was prepared to send any money, equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government. Assisting countries resisting communism.
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| Warsaw Pact | Military alliance, response to NATO, Soviet Union created own nuclear capability.
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| Al-Qaeda | International Islamic fundamentalist organization. To reduce outside influence upon Islamic affairs. (some classify it as International terrorist organization)
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| cartels | association of manufacturers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. In Latin American nations- large foreign debts, huge international drug cartel that threaten government stability.
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| International Monetary Fund | IMF- resources for development usually for badly strapped for investment funds and essential technology.
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| Persian Gulf War | 1991 led by US and various European and Middle Easter allies against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. This led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime.
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| World Bank | Concession for aid, for example commit to buy products, favor investors, lend countries to enter into alliances and permit military bases on the territory of the client state.
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| Euro | to dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers among member nations. A single currency, set up in many member countries by 2001.
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| European Economic Community | European Economic Community- create a single economic entity across national political boundaries.
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| European Union | started as European Economic Community, an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Swede, Austria, Finland. It was to create a single economy across
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| import substitution industrialization | Cut off from supplies of traditional imports, these countries then experienced a spurt of industrial growth.
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| McDonaldization | Same multinational corporations everywhere
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| North American Free Trade Organization – NAFTA | free trade agreement, benefits from economic alliances. (United States, Mexico, and Canada)
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Oil cartel that determines supply of oil - of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since
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| World Trade Organization (WTO) | international body that sets the rules for global trade - competitive trading, but give chance for developing nations to join, must follow certain civil rights codes
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| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA - building blocks of life - once decoded leads to cloning possibilities, health remedies, tracking people
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| Helsinki Accords | 1975 agreement - apply human rights to Soviet bloc countries.
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