BIO201 - Ch 14 - Autonomic Nervous System - Marieb/Hoehn - Rio Salado - AZ
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| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | System of motor neurons that innervates smooth & cardiac muscles & glands.
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| Sample of activities conducted by ANS | Shunts blood to "needy" areas, slows or speeds heart rate, adjusts blood pressure & body temp, increases/decreases stomach secretions.
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| Major difference between somatic & autonomic NS. | (1) Their effectors, (2) efferent pathways, & (3) target organ responses to their neurotransmitters.
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| Somatic NS stimulates __ muscles, where the ANS innervates __ muscles. | Skeletal, Cardiac/smooth/glands
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| Parasympathetic Nerves | Of the ANS - tends to slow body down & divert energy to basic tasks - works in opposition to sympathetic.
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| Sympathetic Nerve | OF ANS - nerves that increase overall body activities when heightened - excitement/danger, "fight-or-flight".
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| Meninges | Membranes of CT layered between skull & brain - cover & protect CNS neurons & blood vessels.
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| In somatic NS, motor neuron cellbodies are in __ & axons extend in __ nerves. | CNS, Spinal or cranial nerves
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| Somatic motor fibers are typically __. | Thick, group A - conduct impulses rapidly.
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| ANS uses a __ to its effectors. | 2 neuron chain
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| In ANS, the cell body of 1st neuron is the __. | Preganglionic neuron
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| The preganglionic neuron resides __. | In the brain or spinal cord
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| The axon of the first neuron is the __. | Preganglionic axon
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| The preganglionic axon synapses with __. | The 2nd motor neuron, or ganglionic neuron.
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| The axon of the 2nd motor neuron is __. | The ganglionic axon
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| The ganglionic axon extends to __. | The effector organ
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| Preganglionic axons are lightly __ & post-ganglionic axons are __. | Myelinated (thin), unmyelinated (even thinner).
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| Conduction through autonomic efferent chain is __ than somatic motor system. | Slower
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| For most of their course, many pre- & post-ganglionic fibers are incorporated into __. | Spinal & cranial nerves
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| Autonomic ganglia are __ & contain cell bodies of __. | Motor ganglia, motor neurons
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| The somatic motor division __ ganglia. | Lacks
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| The dorsal root ganglia are part of the __. | Sensory (not motor) division of the PNS.
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| All somatic motor neurons release __ @ synapses. | Acetylcholine (ACh)
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| The effect of somatic motor neurons is always __. | Excitatory - to cause contraction.
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| Postganglionic autonomic fibers release __ & __. | Norepinephrine (NE) & acetylcholine (ACh).
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| In ANS, norepinephrine (NE) is secreted by __. | Most sympathetic fibers.
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| In ANS, ACh is released by __. | Parasympathetic fibers.
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| Somatic & autonomic motor activities regulated by __. | Higer brain centers.
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| Nearly all spinal & many cranial nerves contain __. | Both somatic & autonomic fibers.
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| Two divisions of ANS are? | Parasympathetic & sympathetic.
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| Though __ the 2 ANS divisions counterbalance each other's activities. | Dual innervation
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| The parasympathetic division is sometimes called __. | The resting & digesting system - keeps body energy use low - housekeeping.
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| Good visual to remember parasympathetic division. | Person relaxing after a meal & reading newspaper - blood pressure/heart rate low, digesting meal & pupils constricted to read.
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| Sympathetic division often referred to as __. | "Flight-or-fight" system - excited, threatened.
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| Changes in brain wave patterns & galvanic skin resistance due to __ when lying. | Sympathetic
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| Parasympathetic fibers emerge from __. | The brain & sacral spinal cord (craniosacral)
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| Sympathetic fibers originate in the __. | Thoracolumbar region of spinal cord.
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| Parasympathetic division has __ preganglionic & __ postganglionic fibers. | Long, short
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| Sympathetic division has __ preganglionic & __ post ganglionic fibers. | Short, long
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| Most parasympathetic ganglia are located __. | In the visceral effector organs.
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| Most sympathetic ganglia lie __. | Close to the spinal cord.
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| All preganglionic fibers release __. | ACh
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| All parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release __. | Acetylcholine
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| Most sympathetic post ganglionic fibers release __. | Norepinephrine
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| Stimulated adrenal medullary cells release __ into the blood. | Norepinephrine & epinephrine
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| Which division of NAS is called the craniosacral division? | Parasympathetic
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| Terminal ganglia are located where? | Close to or within target organs.
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| Through which 4 cranial nerves do preganglionic fibers run? | Oculomotor (III), facial (VII), Glossopharyngeal (IX), & Vagus (X)
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| The cell bodies are in the __ within eye orbits. | Ciliary ganglion
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| Preganglionic fibers in facial nerve (VII) synapse where? | Pterygopalatine ganglia - near maxillae.
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| Salivary glands - parasympathetic fibers synapse where? | Mandibular ganglia
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| Partoid gland & glossopharyngeal IX - synapse where? | Otic ganglia - near ears
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| Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic __ lie in cranial nerves. | Do not
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| The __ nerves have broadest facial distribution of all cranial nerves & useful for glands & smooth muscle stimulation of parasympathetic. | Trigeminal nerves V
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| Vagal nerve fibers account for 90% of preganglionic fibers in body & arise from __. | Medulla
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| Vagus nerves in thorax brach to which 4 plexuses? | Cardiac, pulmonary, esophageal, & aortic plexuses.
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| Sacral outflow of parasympathetic arise from? | S2-S4 form pelvicsplanchnic Nerves
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| Which division of ANS is more complex? | Sympathetic Division
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| Sympathetic division also called __. | Thoracolumbar
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| Which ANS division innervates more organs? | Sympathetic - visceral organs & structures.
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| Arrector pili, sweat glands, arteries, & veins innervated by which ANS division? | Sympathetic - smooth muscles in each.
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| Allpreganglionoic sympathetic fibers arise from cell bodies where? | In spinal cord segments T1-L2 (thoracolumbar division)
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| What produces the lateral horns? | Numerous preganglionic sympathetic neurons in the gray matter of spinal cord.
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| What are the visceral motor zones? | Lateral horns
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| Ventral horns house __ neurons. | Somatic motor neurons
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| Lateral horns are absent where? | In the sacral region of spinal cord.
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| Path of sympathetic fiber after ventral root. | Ventral root =>white ramus communicans=>sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglion
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| Sympathetic trunks flank each side of what? | The vertebral column (paravertebral ganglia)
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| There are __ ganglia in each sympathetic trunk. | 23 - 3c, 11T, 4L, 4S, 1C
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| Splanchnic nerves synapse in __ ganglia located anterior to vertebral column. | Collateral (prevertebral) - occur only in abdomen & pelvis.
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| Celiac,superior & inferior mesenteric ganglia are __. | Collateral (prevertebral) ganglia
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| The color of gray & white Rami communicantes are due to? | Myelination
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| Rami communicantes are associated only with the __ division. | Sympathetic - parasympathetic doesn't run in spinal nerves.
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| Sympathetic preganglionic fibers serving head ascend the __ to synapse with __. | Sympathetic trunk, superior cervical ganglion
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| Superior cervical ganglion sends direct branches to __. | The heart
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| Sympathetic fibers __ activity of large intestine, bladder, & reproductive organs. | Inhibit
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| A visceral reflex arc has __. | 2 Neurons in its motor component.
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| Where are cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons? | Sensory ganglia of associated cranial nerves or in dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord.
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| 3 neuron reflex arcs occur where? | In walls of gastrointestional tract
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| Why is there referred pain? | Visceral pain afferents travel same pathways as somatic pain fibers.
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| ACh-releasing fibers are called __ fibers. | Cholinergic
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| Norepinephrine (NE) - releasing fibers are called __ fibers. | Adrenergic
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| All ACh receptors are __ or __. | Nicotinic or muscarinic
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| ACh binding to nicotinic receptors is always __. | Stimulatory
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| Knowing locations of cholinergic & adrenergic receptors allows __. | Proper prescription of drugs.
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| Most glands (except adrenal & sweat) are activated by __ fibers. | Parasympathetic
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| Most blood vessels receive only __ fibers. | Sympathetic
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| The effects produced by sympathetic activation are __. | Longer lasting
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| The __ is the integrator of ANS activity. | Hypothalamus
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| Though hypothalamus is boss, the __ exerts most direct influence over autonomic functions. | Brainstem - reticular formation.
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| Raynaud's Disease | Skin of fingers & toes turn blue & apinful when cold or emotionally distressed.
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| Autonomic Dyreflexia | Uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons - occurs in quadriplegia or spinal injury above T6 - in 1st year after injury - triggered by pain or overfilled bladder - Blood pressure increase - can stroke.
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