Lymphatic
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| The lymphatic system returns ____ ____ back to the bloodstream. | interstitial fluid
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| The lymphatic system maintains blood ____ ____. | volume levels
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| The lymphatic system transports ____ and ____-____ ____ into the bloodstream through lacteals. | lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins
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| The lymphatic system aids in ____ and ____ of lymphocytes. | production, maturation
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| The lymphatic system generates an immune response against antigens in the ____ ____. | interstitial fluid
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| Name the 8 parts of the lymph vessel network from smallest to largest components: 1) lymph 2) lymphatic capillaries 3) lymphatic vessels 4) lymphatic trunks 5) lymphatic ducts 6) lymphatic cells 7) lymphatic nodules 8) lymphatic organs |
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| Lymph is comprised of: _____ _____, _____, and _____ _____. | interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign materials
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| Lymphatic capillaries are closed-ended tubes found interspersed among most blood _____ _____ (except bone marrow and _____) | capillary beds, CNS
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| Lymphatic capillaries resemble blood capillaries (endothelium) but they are _____ in diameter, have no _____ _____ and have overlapping endothelial cells that act as one-way valves allowing _____ _____ a one-way entrance into lymphatic capillaries | larger, basement membrane, interstitial fluid
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| The gastrointestinal tract contains specialized lymph capillaries called _____ that collect not only interstitial fluid, but also _____ and _____-_____ _____ | lacteals, lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins
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| The lymph collected from the gastrointestinal system has a milky color due to _____ absorption and is called _____ | lipid, chyle
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| Lymphatic capillaries merge to form _____ _____. | lymphatic vessels
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| _____ _____ resemble venules, in that they have components of all three vascular tunics and possess valves similar to veins. | Lymphatic vessels
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| _____ lymphatic vessels bring lymph IN to a lymph node | Afferent
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| _____ lymphatic vessels transport filtered lymph OUT and away from the lymph node | Efferent
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| Lymph is continuously examined for _____ | antigens
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| Left and right lymphatic trunks form from merging _____ _____. | lymphatic vessels
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| Jugular trunks drain lymph from _____ and _____. | head, neck
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| Subclavian trunks drain lymph from _____ _____, breasts and _____ _____ wall. | upper limbs, superficial thoracic
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| Bronchiomediastinal trunks drain lymph from deep _____ structures. | thoracic
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| Intestinal trunks drain lymph from most _____ structures. | abdominal
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| Lumbar trunks drain lymph from lower _____, _____ wall and _____ organs. | limbs, abdominopelvic, pelvic
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| Lymphatic _____ are formed from the fusion of lymphatic trunks. | ducts
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| The right lymphatic duct is located deep to the _____ _____ and returns lymph at the junction of the right subclavian and _____ _____ veins. | right clavicle, internal jugular
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| The right lymphatic duct returns lymph from the right side of the _____ and _____, right _____ _____ and right side of the _____. | head, neck, upper limb, thorax
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| The _____ _____ is the largest lymphatic vessel. | thoracic duct
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| The thoracic duct begins just inferior to the diaphragm as a rounded saclike structure called the _____ _____. | cisterna chyli
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| The thoracic duct collects lymph from most of the body, excluding the _____ _____ _____ drainage. | right lymphatic duct
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| The thoracic duct passes through the _____ opening of the diaphragm and returns lymph into the junction between the left subclavian and _____ _____ veins. | aortic, internal jugular
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| Some lymphatic cells destroy antigens, others produce _____ that bind and immobilize the antigen. Other lymphatic cells become_____ _____, which remember a past antigen and initiate a _____ immune response if the antigen reappears. | antibodies, memory cells, faster
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| Lymph is the combination of _____ _____, dissolved _____ and _____ material. | interstitial fluid, solutes, foreign
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| Lymphatic capillaries drain into ____ ____. | lymphatic vessels
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| Macrophages are ____ that have migrated to the lymphatic system. | monocytes
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| Nurse cells are special epithelial cells in ____ that secrete ____ hormones. | thymus, thymic
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| The main antigen-presenting cells in the immune system are the ____ ____. | dendritic cells
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| Lymphocytes are the most ____ cells in the lymphatic system. | abundant
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| The body contains three types of lymphocytes: ____ cells, ____ cells, and ____ cells. | T, B, NK
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| T-cells, B-cells, and NK-cells migrate through the lymphatic system and search for the presence of ____. | antigens
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| ____ make up about 70–85% of body lymphocytes. | T-lymphocytes
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| T-lymphocytes express a ____ ____ ____ (CD) that can recognize a particular antigen. | plasma membrane coreceptor
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| Two main groups of T-lymphocytes are: ____ and ____ T-lymphocytes. | helper, cytotoxic
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| Helper T-lymphocytes primarily contain the ____ coreceptor and are referred to as ____ cells or ____ cells. | CD4, CD4+, T4
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| T4 cells initiate and oversee the immune response in two ways: they present the ____ to other lymphocytes and secrete ____, which are hormones that activate other lymphatic cells. | antigen, cytokines
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| ____ ____ are also called CD8+ cells or T8 cells, they contain the CD8 coreceptor. | Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
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| ____ ____ come in direct contact with infected or foreign cells and kill them. | Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
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| Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes act only after activated by a ____ ____ that presents an antigen to it. | helper T-lymphocyte
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| ____ make up about 15–30% of body lymphocytes. | B-lymphocytes
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| ____ contain antigen receptors to only one antigen and produce immunoglobulins or antibodies to that single antigen. | B-lymphocytes
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| B-lymphocytes become activated when presented with an antigen from a helper ____. | T-lymphocyte
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| Most of the activated B-lymphocytes become ____ ____ that produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies. | plasma cells
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| ____ ____ may be either short-lived (less than a week) or long-lived (months or years). | Plasma cells
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| The long-lived B-lymphocytes are called ____ ____ and confer years or lifetime immunity to certain antigens. | memory B-lymphocytes
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| NK cells are also called large ____ ____. | granular lymphocytes
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| ____ ____ are a relatively small percentage of all lymphocytes. | NK cells
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| NK cells tend to express the ____ receptors. | CD16
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| Unlike T-cells and B-cells that respond to one antigen, NK cells can kill a wide variety of infected cells and some ____ cells. | cancerous
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| ____ is the process of lymphocyte development. | Lymphopoiesis
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| The final result of lymphopoiesis is that the lymphocyte becomes ____, meaning the cell can participate in the immune response. | immunocompetent
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| All lymphocytes originate in ____ ____ ____ but their maturation sites differ. | red bone marrow
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| ____ ____, or ____ ____ are oval clusters of lymphatic cells with some extracellular matrix but not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. | Lymphatic nodules, lymphatic follicles
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| The center of a lymphatic nodule is called the germinal center; contains proliferating ____ and ____. ____ are located outside the germinal center. | B-lymphocytes, macrophages, T-lymphocytes
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| Lymphatic nodules ____ and ____ antigens. | filter, attack
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| Lymphatic nodules are located in the mucosa of the ____, ____, ____ and ____tracts. | gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, urinary
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| Lymphatic nodules monitor and respond to antigens that may enter the____, ____, ____ and ____tracts. | gastrointestinal, respiratory, genital, urinary
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| MALT stands for: ____ ____ ____ ____ | mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
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| MALT is very prominent in the ____. These nodules are called ____ ____. | ileum, Peyer patches
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| Tonsils are located mainly in the ____. | pharynx
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| Tonsils are large clusters of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix that do not have a completed ____ ____. | surrounding capsule
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| The outer edges of tonsils are ____ to form ____, which allow for trapping of antigens to be presented to the lymphocytes. | invaginated, crypts
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| ____ tonsils or ____ are located in the posterosuperior wall of the nasopharynx. | Pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids
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| Palatine tonsils are located in the ____ wall of the ____ ____. | posterolateral, oral cavity
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| Lingual tonsils are located along the ____ ____ of the tongue. | posterior, 1/3
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| Lymphatic organs consist of lymphatic cells and extracellular matrix and are completely surrounded by a ____ ____ ____. | connective tissue capsule
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| The main lymphatic organs are: ____, ____ ____, and ____. | thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
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| The bilobed lymphatic organ located superficial to the heart. ____ | thymus
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| The thymus consists of two fused thymic lobes which are divided into ____. | lobules
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| Each lobule has an outer ____ and an inner ____. | cortex, medulla
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| The thymus continues to grow until ____ and then begins to regress in size and function. | puberty
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| In adults, the thymus becomes replaced mostly by ____ ____ ____. | adipose connective tissue.
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| The site of T-lymphocyte differentiation and maturation is the ____. | thymus
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| The thymus cortex contains immature ____. | T-lymphocytes
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| The thymus medulla contains mature ____. | T-lymphocytes
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| In adulthood, T-lymphocytes can only be produced by ____ ____ and not by maturation of new cells in the thymus. | cell division
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| ____ ____ in thymus secrete thymic hormone that helps maturation of lymphocytes. | Nurse cells
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| Lymphocytes inside thymus are protected from antigens by the ____-____ ____. When they differentiate they go to the ____ where they are exposed. | blood-thymus barrier, medulla
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| Small, round or oval structures located along the pathway of lymph vessels: ____ ____ | lymph nodes
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| ____ ____ are typically found in clusters ranging from 1–25 mm in diameter. | Lymph nodes
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| The primary function of a lymph node is to filter antigens from the ____ and initiate ____ ____. | lymph, immune response
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| The most apparent lymph node clusters occur as: ____ lymph nodes, ____ lymph nodes and ____ lymph nodes. | axillary, inguinal, cervical
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| Lymph nodes are surrounded by a tough ____ ____ ____. | connective tissue capsule
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| Internal extensions of the lymph nodes’ capsule, ____, project into the node, dividing it into compartments. | trabeculae
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| Lymphatic cells surround the trabeculae and lymphatic sinuses (or ____ ____) provide a pathway for lymph flow. | cortical sinuses
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| Lymph node is divided into an outer ____ and an inner ____. | cortex, medulla
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| Lymph node cortex consists of nodules and sinuses called ____ ____. | cortical sinuses
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| The lymph node medulla contains medullary ____ and medullary ____. | cords, sinuses
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| ____ vessels deliver lymph to the node. | Afferent
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| Lymph exits nodes via ____ ____ at an indentation of the node called the____. | efferent vessels, hilum
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| Cancer cells travel easily through the lymph node system, called ____. | metastasis
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| A lymph node enlarged by cancer cells is going to be ____ and not ____. | firm, tender
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| The ____ is the largest lymphatic organ in body just lateral to left kidney. | spleen
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| A splenic artery/vein enters/leaves the spleen via a ____ or indentation on its medial surface. | hilum
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| The spleen surrounded by a dense irregular connective tissue capsule, which sends extensions called ____ into the organ. | trabeculae
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| Trabecular vessels are branches of splenic ____ and ____. They extend within the trabeculae. | arteries, veins
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| Cells around the trabeculae are subdivided into ____ ____ and ____ ____. | white pulp, red pulp
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| ____ pulp surrounds each cluster of ____ pulp. | Red, white
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| ____ pulp is associated with the ____ supply and consists of T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages. | White, arterial
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| In the center of each white pulp cluster (that is surrounded by red pulp) there is a central ____. | artery
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| Red pulp is associated with the ____ supply. | venous
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| Red pulp consists of splenic cords and splenic sinusoids that contain ____, ____ ____, and some plasma cells. | erythrocytes, platelets, macrophages
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| Blood cells can easily enter and leave the blood stream in the spleen because of the discontinuous basal lamina of the capillaries in the ____. | splenic sinusoids
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| The spleen initiates an immune response when ____ are found in blood (white pulp function). | antigens
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| The spleen serves as a reservoir for ____ and ____. (red pulp function) | erythrocytes, platelets
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| The ____ phagocytizes old, defective erythrocytes and platelets (red pulp function) and ____. | spleen, bacteria
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| Some functions like ____ of lymph back to the bloodstream and ____ of lipids from small intestine, don’t change with age. | transport, absorption
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| In adulthood, the ____ no longer matures and differentiates T-lymphocytes. New ones come from ____ of older ones. | thymus, mitosis
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| Immunity: ____ with age. Elderly people are more prone to ____. | Decreases, infection
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| In regards to immunity - with age, there are less cells and the response is much ____. | slower
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| If tonsils are removed, other organs such as ____ ____ can mount an immune response. Also, lymphocytes circulation in the bloodstream and detect ____ in the ____. | lymph nodes, antigens, throat
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| If your spleen were removed (splenectomy), what would be the reason for greater risk of bacterial infection? Because the spleen isn’t there to.... | filter bacteria from blood
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| Unlike the thymus and lymph nodes, the spleen lacks division into a ____ and a ____. | cortex, medulla
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