Skeletal System III: Appendicular Skeleton
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| appendicular skeleton consists of | pectoral girdle, upper limb/extremity, pelvic girdle, lower limb/extremity
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| supporting elements are called | girdles
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| pectoral girdle contains | clavicles and scapula which form the shoulders
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| clavicle | collar bone; slender and slightly curved long bone (s shaped)
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| sternal end of clavicle | medial end, attaches to manubrium (ice cream cone)
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| acromial end of clavicle | lateral end, articulates with scapula
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| trapezoid line | (visible on inferior aspect) attachment site for ligament
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| conoid tubercle | attachment site for ligament (acromial end and inferior view)
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| functions of clavicle | attachment site for muscles, anterior braces/struts to hold scapulae and arms away from the thorax, transmit compression forces from upper limbs to thorax
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| sacpula | shoulder blades, thin, triangular flat bones
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| borders of scapula | superior, medial, lateral
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| superior border | shortest and sharpest
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| medial border | parallels the vertebral column
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| lateral border | thick and next to axilla, ends superiorly in a shallow fossa or gleniod cavity
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| glenoid cavity | shallow fossa/cavity which joins with the head of the humerus
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| angles of scapula | superior, lateral (gleniod cavity), inferior (moves as arm is raised and lowered)
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| scapular spine | bony ridge on posterior aspect of scapula
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| acromion | joins with acromial end of clavicle
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| coracoid process | bend finger process, attachment point for biceps brachii muscle and ligament attachment to clavicle
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| suprascapular notch | nerve passageway
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| fossae of scapula | infraspinous, supraspinous, subscapular
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| infraspinous fossa is on | posterior aspect
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| supraspinous fossa is on | posterior aspect
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| subscapular fossa is formed by | entire anterior surface of scapula
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| upper limb/extremity contains how many bones | 30 bones/limb; brachium 1, antebrachium 2, hand 27
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| brachium comprised of | humerus, largest/longest bone in upper extremity
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| brachium joins with the | scapula at shoulder and with radius and unla at elbow
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| proximal end features of humerus | head, anatomical and surgerical neck, greater and lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove/sulcus, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove
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| head of humerus | fits into glenoid cavity of scapula (bulbous)
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| anatomical neck | constricted region located inferolateral to the head
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| greater tubercle | large projection on lateral edge of epiphysis
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| greater tubercle forms...attaches... | lateral margin of shoulder...supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor muscles
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| lesser tubercle | lies on anterior and medial surface of the epiphysis and marks insertion point for subscapularis muscle
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| intertubercular groove (sulcus) | seperates greater/lesser tubercles
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| sulcus guides a | tendon of the biceps brachii muscle to its attachment point
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| surgical neck | narrowed region located distal to the tubercles
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| most frequently fractured part of humerus | surgical neck
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| deltoid tuberosity | elevated surface that runs along the lateral borders of the humerus shaft; extends more than halfway down its length; attachment site for deltoid muscle
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| radial groove | runs along the posterior margin of the deltoid tuberosity; guides radial nerve of upper extremity
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| distal end features of humerus | articular condyle, medial/lateral epicondyles, medial/lateral supracondylar ridges, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, radial fossa
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| articular condyle contains | trochlea and capitulum
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| articular condyle dominates the...is a ... | distal, inferior surface of the humerus... low ridge that divides the condyle into 2 distinct articular regions
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| trochlea | (medial) spool-shaped that articulates with ulna
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| capitulum | (lateral) rounded region that forms the lateral surface of condyle, ARTICULATES WITH RADIUS
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| medial/lateral epicondyles are | attachment sites for forearm muscles
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| olecranon fossa (posterior) | articulates with olecranon process of ulna
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| coronoid fossa (anterior) | accepts projections, along with olecranon fossa, form the surface of the ulna as the elbow approaches full flexion or extension
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| radial fossa (anterior) | shallow depression superior to the capitulum, accommodates a small part of the radial head as the forearm approaches the humerus
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| antebrachium consists of | ulna and radius
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| which ends of the radius and ulna join with the humerus | proximal ends
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| which ends of ulna and radius join with the carpus | distal ends
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| where do the radius and ulna articulate with each other? | proximal/distal radioulnar joints
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| interosseous membrane | connects radius and ulna along their entire length
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| spination | radius(lateral) and ulna (medial) are parallel
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| pronation | radius rotates medially over the ulna
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| ulna | forms elbow
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| ulna is ...at the proximal end and then....at the distal end | wide...narrow and slightly longer than the radius
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| main function of the ulna is to | form elbow joint with humerus
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| proximal end features of the ulna | olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch
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| olecranon and coronoid processes are seperated by...grip... | trochlearnotch...trochlea of humerus and form a hinge joint
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| olecranon and coronoid processes allow | flexion and extension movements
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| radial notch | smooth depression where ulna joins with head of radius
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| distal end features of ulna | head and styloid process
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| head of ulna is seperated from bones of the wrist by a | disc of fibrocartilage; little or no role in hand movement
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| styloid process | attachment site for ligament to the wrist
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| radius is ...at proximal end and ... at its distal end | thin...wide (opposite of ulna)
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| proximal end features of radius | head, neck, radial tuberosity
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| head of radius is shaped like | end of a spool of thread
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| head of radius articulates with | capitulum of humerus
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| head of radius medially articulates with | radial notch of ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint
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| neck of radius is the | narrowed region that extends from the radial head to the radial tuberosity
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| radial tuberosity is the attachment site for the | biceps brachii muscle, which flexes the elbow, swinging the forearm toward the arm
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| distal end of radius features | ulnar notch, styloid process
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| ulnar notch articulates with | head of ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint
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| styloid process | anchors ligament to wrist
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| extreme distal end of radius is | concave and articulates with carpal bones of the wrist
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| radius contributes heavily to | the wrist joint
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| hand consists of | carpus (8), metacarpus (5), digits (14)
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| carpus (true wrist) | consists of 8 marble sized bones(carpals) which are closely united by ligaments that are arranged in 2 irregular rows of four bones each
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| proximal row: lateral(thumb side) to medial | scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
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| scaphoid | joins with radius to form wrist joint
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| lunate | moon/comma shaped and joins with radius to form wrist joint
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| triquetrum | triangular bone/pyramid, joins with cartilage that separate the ulnar head from wrist
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| pisiform | smallest/pea shaped and lies anterior to the triquetrum/extends farther medially than any other carpal bone in both proximal and distal rows
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| distal row: lateral to medial | trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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| trapezium | lateral bone of the distal row; forms a proximal join with scaphoid
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| trapezoid | wedge-shaped; smalled distal carpal bone and forms a proximal articulation with the scaphoid
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| capitate | largest carpal, shaped like a head
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| hamate | contains a hook like projection
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| mneumonic device (proximal-distal rows) | sally left the party to take carlos home
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| carpal tunnel syndrome | inflammation of any element in carpal tunnel (from overuse) compresses the median nerve, thereby causing pain or numbness
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| metacarpus (palm) | 5 bones that radiate distally from wrist
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| metacarpals | 1 (thumb side) - 5 (pinky)
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| metacarpal bases articulate with the | carpals proximally and with each other on their medial and lateral sides
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| metacarpals bulbous heads articulate with the | proximal phalanges of the fingers distally to form the knuckles
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| knuckles | metacarpophalangeal joints
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| digits (phalanx/phalanges) | thumb and rest of fingers
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| pollex | thumb (2 phalanges) proximal phalanx and distal phalanx
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| digits have | 3 phalanges each (proximal, middle, distal)
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| pelvic girdle attaches | to axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments
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| coxal bones | hip bones or os coxae or innominate bones; each have 3 seperate bones during childhood and fused in adults
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| boundaries of 3 seperate hip bones are | indistinguishable but names are used to refer to the 3 different regions of the coxal bone
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| y shaped junction is formed | where all 3 regions meet (ilium, ischium, pubis)
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| ilium | superior region of coxal bone
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| iliac crest | thickened superior margin of ala; site of muscle attachment
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| iliac spines (4) | posterior superior, anterior superior, posterior inferior, anterior inferior
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| anterior superior iliac spine is the | prominent anatomical landmark which can be felt anterior to the hip
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| acetabulum | located at y shaped junction of ilium, ischium and pubis
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| acetabulum is the deep | hemispherical socket that articulates with the ball shaped head of the femur, forming the hip joint
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| greater sciatic notch | located posteriorly just inferior to posterior inferior iliac spine
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| greater sciatic notch is a deep | indentation through which the sciatic nerve passes, to enter the thigh
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| iliac fossa | concave internal surface of the iliac ala
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| auricular surface | roughened area which articulates with sacrum - sacroiliac joint
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| arcuate line | helps define the superior boundary of the true pelvis
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| ischium | posteroinferior region (l shaped)
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| ischium consists of a | thicker, superior body and thinner, inferior ramus
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| ischial spine | triangular projection, which is located posterior to the acetabulum and projects medially
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| ischial spine is the attachment site | for sacrospinous ligament
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| lesser sciatic notch is | inferior to the ischial spine
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| which nerves and vessels pass through the lesser sciatic notch? | perineum nerves and vessels
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| ischial tuberosity | rough, thickened area of inferior surface of ischial body
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| pubis | paired v shaped pubic bones that forms anterior region of coxal bone
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| superior pubic ramus | branch of the pubis issuing from a flat body
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| inferior pubic ramus | branch of the pubis issuing from a flat body
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| pubic crest | thickened anterior border of pubic body
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| pubic tubercle | knob like lateral end of pubic crest
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| pubic tubercle is the attachment point for | inguinal ligament
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| obturator foramen is a | large opening between the pubis and the ischium
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| few...pass through the obturator foramen | vessels and nerves
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| obturator foramen is almost completely | closed by fibrous obrurator membrane
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| pubic symphysis is a | fibrocartilaginous disc that joins the two pubic bones
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| pubic arch | formed by the inferior pubic rami and the ishcial rami
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| the angle of the pubic arch helps to | distinguish between male and female pelves
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| shallower and lighter female pelves provide | more room in the true pelvis for childbearing purposes
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| lower limb/extremity | femur, crus, pes
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| femur (thigh) | largest, longest, strongest bone in the body and can endure 280 kilograms per square cm (2 tons per square inch)
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| proximal end features of femur | head, fovea capitis, neck, greater/lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line/crest, pectineal line, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, femoral shaft
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| head of femur | ball-like proximal end
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| fovea capitis | small, central pit on femoral head (medial)
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| ligament of the head of the femur runs | from fovea capitis to the acetabulum
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| neck of the femur | angles 125 degrees laterally to join the shaft and is the weakest part of femure (fractured in a broken hip)
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| greater trochanter (lateral) | projects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft
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| greater trochanter is the attachment site for | various tendons and muscles
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| lesster trochanter | posteromedial, originates on the posteromedial surface of femure and attachment site for various tendons and muscles
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| intertrochanter line | interconnect the trochanters (anteriorly)
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| intertrochanteric crest | interconnect the trochanters posteriorly
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| pectineal line | medial; inferior to the intertrochanteric crest(pectineus muscle attachment)
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| gluteal tuberosity | lateral, posterior side of shaft and attaches the gluteal muscle
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| linea aspera | posterior, prominent elevation located on posteroinferior surface of shaft (attachment for powerful hi muscles)
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| powerful hip muscle | adductor muscles
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| femoral shaft | strong, massive, but curves along its length
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| lateral bow of shaft facilitates | weight bearing and balance
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| distal end features of femur | medial/lateral supracondylar ridge, latera/medial condyles, latera/medial epicondyles, adductor tubercle, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface
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| supracondylar ridge (posterior) | linea aspera distally divides into these two ridges to form a flattened triangular area (popliteal surface)
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| condyles (posterior) | distal broadened area of the femur, wagon wheel shaped
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| epicondyles | most raised points on the sides of the condyles (ligament attachment site)
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| adductor tubercle | bump on upper part of medial condyle
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| intercondylar fossa | seperates the two condyles posteriorly
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| patellar surface | seperates 2 condyles anteriorly
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| patella | triangular sesamoid bone enclosed within the tendon that secures the quadriceps femoris muscles of anterior thigh to the tibia
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| functions of patella | strengthens the quadriceps tendon, protects anterior surface of knee joint, increases contraction force of quadriceps femoris
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| patella is a | rough, convex anterior surface with broad, superior base and roughly pointed inferior apex
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| posterior facets | for medial and lateral condyles of femur (patella)
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| posteroinferior surface is for | patellar ligament
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| crus consists of | tibia and fibula
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| tibia | second largest/strongest bone of body
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| tibia receives | the weight of the body from femur to transmit to the foot
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| the tibia is the | medial bone
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| features of tibia | medial/lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, articular surface, proximal/dital tibiofibular joint
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| medial/lateral condyles of tibia | broad proximal end, resemble two thick checkers lying side by side on top of shaft
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| the superior articular surfaces of condyles of tibia are | slightly concave
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| intercondylar eminence | irregular projection that seperates the two condyles
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| tibial tuberosity | anterior, attachment site for patellar ligament
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| anterior border/crest | sharp subcutaneous anterior ridge on the tibial shaft
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| medial malleolus | inferior projection which forms the medial bulge of ankle
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| medial malleolus articulates with the | talus bone of the foot
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| articular surface | flat, distal end tibia, which articulates with talus of the foot
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| proximal tibiofibular joint contains | facet on inferior part of lateral tibial condyle that articulates with the fibula
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| distal tibiofibular joint contains | fibular notch that articulates with the fibula
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| fibula is a | thin, long bone with 2 expanded ends
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| fibula is located | lateral to the tibia
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| features of fibula | fibular head, lateral malleolus, shaft
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| fibular head | superior, proximal end
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| lateral malleolus | inferior projection which forms the lateral bulge of ankle
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| lateral malleolus articulates with | talus of foot
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| shaft of fibula is heavily | ridged, appears to have been twisted a 1/4 turn
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| fibula does not | bear weight, but several muscles originate from it
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| fractures most often occur at the | medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibula
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| fractures of fibula and tibiaare caused by | inversion or eversion of the foot at the ankle
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| pes (foot) bones consist of | tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges
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| functions of foot bones | supports the body's weight, act as a lever to propel body forward during walking and running
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| segmentation makes the foot | pliable, making it adaptable to uneven ground
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| medial side of the foot is the | hallux, opposite from the orientation of the hand where the pollex is the lateral side,in anatomical position
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| tarsus is the | posterior half of the foot which contains 7 tarsal bones
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| talus | ankle, second largest bone in foot
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| talus transmits body weight from | the tibia anteriorly toward the toes
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| trochleaof talus | smooth superior surface, which contains lateral and medial extensions that articulate with the lateral malleolus and medial malleolus respectively
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| calcaneous | heel bone, largest tarsal bone
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| calcaneus carries | talus on its superior surface
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| what attaches to the posterior surface of the calcaneus? | thick tendon of calf muscles (achilles tendon)
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| calcaneal tuberosity | part of calcaneus that touches the ground
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| sustentaculum tali | medial, shelf-like projection, which articulates with the talus superiorly
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| cuboid (lateral) | cube shaped tarsal
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| navicular (medial) | boat like tarsal
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| medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform bones | anterior, wedge shaped, located anterior to navicular, named according to their position
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| metatarsus | distal portion of the foot
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| how many metatarsals are in 1 foot | 5 small, long bones (I-V)
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| metatarsals help support | body weight during walking, standing, and running
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| metatarsals form the | balls of the foot
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| phalanges of the toes (14) | smaller than fingers (less agile) but same general structure/arrangement
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| hallux (big toe) | distal phalanx and proximal phalanx
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| digits 2-5 | distal,middle, proximal phalanges
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