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HA Ch. 7
Skeletal System III: Appendicular Skeleton
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| appendicular skeleton consists of | pectoral girdle, upper limb/extremity, pelvic girdle, lower limb/extremity |
| supporting elements are called | girdles |
| pectoral girdle contains | clavicles and scapula which form the shoulders |
| clavicle | collar bone; slender and slightly curved long bone (s shaped) |
| sternal end of clavicle | medial end, attaches to manubrium (ice cream cone) |
| acromial end of clavicle | lateral end, articulates with scapula |
| trapezoid line | (visible on inferior aspect) attachment site for ligament |
| conoid tubercle | attachment site for ligament (acromial end and inferior view) |
| functions of clavicle | attachment site for muscles, anterior braces/struts to hold scapulae and arms away from the thorax, transmit compression forces from upper limbs to thorax |
| sacpula | shoulder blades, thin, triangular flat bones |
| borders of scapula | superior, medial, lateral |
| superior border | shortest and sharpest |
| medial border | parallels the vertebral column |
| lateral border | thick and next to axilla, ends superiorly in a shallow fossa or gleniod cavity |
| glenoid cavity | shallow fossa/cavity which joins with the head of the humerus |
| angles of scapula | superior, lateral (gleniod cavity), inferior (moves as arm is raised and lowered) |
| scapular spine | bony ridge on posterior aspect of scapula |
| acromion | joins with acromial end of clavicle |
| coracoid process | bend finger process, attachment point for biceps brachii muscle and ligament attachment to clavicle |
| suprascapular notch | nerve passageway |
| fossae of scapula | infraspinous, supraspinous, subscapular |
| infraspinous fossa is on | posterior aspect |
| supraspinous fossa is on | posterior aspect |
| subscapular fossa is formed by | entire anterior surface of scapula |
| upper limb/extremity contains how many bones | 30 bones/limb; brachium 1, antebrachium 2, hand 27 |
| brachium comprised of | humerus, largest/longest bone in upper extremity |
| brachium joins with the | scapula at shoulder and with radius and unla at elbow |
| proximal end features of humerus | head, anatomical and surgerical neck, greater and lesser tubercle, intertubercular groove/sulcus, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove |
| head of humerus | fits into glenoid cavity of scapula (bulbous) |
| anatomical neck | constricted region located inferolateral to the head |
| greater tubercle | large projection on lateral edge of epiphysis |
| greater tubercle forms...attaches... | lateral margin of shoulder...supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor muscles |
| lesser tubercle | lies on anterior and medial surface of the epiphysis and marks insertion point for subscapularis muscle |
| intertubercular groove (sulcus) | seperates greater/lesser tubercles |
| sulcus guides a | tendon of the biceps brachii muscle to its attachment point |
| surgical neck | narrowed region located distal to the tubercles |
| most frequently fractured part of humerus | surgical neck |
| deltoid tuberosity | elevated surface that runs along the lateral borders of the humerus shaft; extends more than halfway down its length; attachment site for deltoid muscle |
| radial groove | runs along the posterior margin of the deltoid tuberosity; guides radial nerve of upper extremity |
| distal end features of humerus | articular condyle, medial/lateral epicondyles, medial/lateral supracondylar ridges, olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, radial fossa |
| articular condyle contains | trochlea and capitulum |
| articular condyle dominates the...is a ... | distal, inferior surface of the humerus... low ridge that divides the condyle into 2 distinct articular regions |
| trochlea | (medial) spool-shaped that articulates with ulna |
| capitulum | (lateral) rounded region that forms the lateral surface of condyle, ARTICULATES WITH RADIUS |
| medial/lateral epicondyles are | attachment sites for forearm muscles |
| olecranon fossa (posterior) | articulates with olecranon process of ulna |
| coronoid fossa (anterior) | accepts projections, along with olecranon fossa, form the surface of the ulna as the elbow approaches full flexion or extension |
| radial fossa (anterior) | shallow depression superior to the capitulum, accommodates a small part of the radial head as the forearm approaches the humerus |
| antebrachium consists of | ulna and radius |
| which ends of the radius and ulna join with the humerus | proximal ends |
| which ends of ulna and radius join with the carpus | distal ends |
| where do the radius and ulna articulate with each other? | proximal/distal radioulnar joints |
| interosseous membrane | connects radius and ulna along their entire length |
| spination | radius(lateral) and ulna (medial) are parallel |
| pronation | radius rotates medially over the ulna |
| ulna | forms elbow |
| ulna is ...at the proximal end and then....at the distal end | wide...narrow and slightly longer than the radius |
| main function of the ulna is to | form elbow joint with humerus |
| proximal end features of the ulna | olecranon, coronoid process, radial notch |
| olecranon and coronoid processes are seperated by...grip... | trochlearnotch...trochlea of humerus and form a hinge joint |
| olecranon and coronoid processes allow | flexion and extension movements |
| radial notch | smooth depression where ulna joins with head of radius |
| distal end features of ulna | head and styloid process |
| head of ulna is seperated from bones of the wrist by a | disc of fibrocartilage; little or no role in hand movement |
| styloid process | attachment site for ligament to the wrist |
| radius is ...at proximal end and ... at its distal end | thin...wide (opposite of ulna) |
| proximal end features of radius | head, neck, radial tuberosity |
| head of radius is shaped like | end of a spool of thread |
| head of radius articulates with | capitulum of humerus |
| head of radius medially articulates with | radial notch of ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint |
| neck of radius is the | narrowed region that extends from the radial head to the radial tuberosity |
| radial tuberosity is the attachment site for the | biceps brachii muscle, which flexes the elbow, swinging the forearm toward the arm |
| distal end of radius features | ulnar notch, styloid process |
| ulnar notch articulates with | head of ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint |
| styloid process | anchors ligament to wrist |
| extreme distal end of radius is | concave and articulates with carpal bones of the wrist |
| radius contributes heavily to | the wrist joint |
| hand consists of | carpus (8), metacarpus (5), digits (14) |
| carpus (true wrist) | consists of 8 marble sized bones(carpals) which are closely united by ligaments that are arranged in 2 irregular rows of four bones each |
| proximal row: lateral(thumb side) to medial | scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform |
| scaphoid | joins with radius to form wrist joint |
| lunate | moon/comma shaped and joins with radius to form wrist joint |
| triquetrum | triangular bone/pyramid, joins with cartilage that separate the ulnar head from wrist |
| pisiform | smallest/pea shaped and lies anterior to the triquetrum/extends farther medially than any other carpal bone in both proximal and distal rows |
| distal row: lateral to medial | trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate |
| trapezium | lateral bone of the distal row; forms a proximal join with scaphoid |
| trapezoid | wedge-shaped; smalled distal carpal bone and forms a proximal articulation with the scaphoid |
| capitate | largest carpal, shaped like a head |
| hamate | contains a hook like projection |
| mneumonic device (proximal-distal rows) | sally left the party to take carlos home |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | inflammation of any element in carpal tunnel (from overuse) compresses the median nerve, thereby causing pain or numbness |
| metacarpus (palm) | 5 bones that radiate distally from wrist |
| metacarpals | 1 (thumb side) - 5 (pinky) |
| metacarpal bases articulate with the | carpals proximally and with each other on their medial and lateral sides |
| metacarpals bulbous heads articulate with the | proximal phalanges of the fingers distally to form the knuckles |
| knuckles | metacarpophalangeal joints |
| digits (phalanx/phalanges) | thumb and rest of fingers |
| pollex | thumb (2 phalanges) proximal phalanx and distal phalanx |
| digits have | 3 phalanges each (proximal, middle, distal) |
| pelvic girdle attaches | to axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments |
| coxal bones | hip bones or os coxae or innominate bones; each have 3 seperate bones during childhood and fused in adults |
| boundaries of 3 seperate hip bones are | indistinguishable but names are used to refer to the 3 different regions of the coxal bone |
| y shaped junction is formed | where all 3 regions meet (ilium, ischium, pubis) |
| ilium | superior region of coxal bone |
| iliac crest | thickened superior margin of ala; site of muscle attachment |
| iliac spines (4) | posterior superior, anterior superior, posterior inferior, anterior inferior |
| anterior superior iliac spine is the | prominent anatomical landmark which can be felt anterior to the hip |
| acetabulum | located at y shaped junction of ilium, ischium and pubis |
| acetabulum is the deep | hemispherical socket that articulates with the ball shaped head of the femur, forming the hip joint |
| greater sciatic notch | located posteriorly just inferior to posterior inferior iliac spine |
| greater sciatic notch is a deep | indentation through which the sciatic nerve passes, to enter the thigh |
| iliac fossa | concave internal surface of the iliac ala |
| auricular surface | roughened area which articulates with sacrum - sacroiliac joint |
| arcuate line | helps define the superior boundary of the true pelvis |
| ischium | posteroinferior region (l shaped) |
| ischium consists of a | thicker, superior body and thinner, inferior ramus |
| ischial spine | triangular projection, which is located posterior to the acetabulum and projects medially |
| ischial spine is the attachment site | for sacrospinous ligament |
| lesser sciatic notch is | inferior to the ischial spine |
| which nerves and vessels pass through the lesser sciatic notch? | perineum nerves and vessels |
| ischial tuberosity | rough, thickened area of inferior surface of ischial body |
| pubis | paired v shaped pubic bones that forms anterior region of coxal bone |
| superior pubic ramus | branch of the pubis issuing from a flat body |
| inferior pubic ramus | branch of the pubis issuing from a flat body |
| pubic crest | thickened anterior border of pubic body |
| pubic tubercle | knob like lateral end of pubic crest |
| pubic tubercle is the attachment point for | inguinal ligament |
| obturator foramen is a | large opening between the pubis and the ischium |
| few...pass through the obturator foramen | vessels and nerves |
| obturator foramen is almost completely | closed by fibrous obrurator membrane |
| pubic symphysis is a | fibrocartilaginous disc that joins the two pubic bones |
| pubic arch | formed by the inferior pubic rami and the ishcial rami |
| the angle of the pubic arch helps to | distinguish between male and female pelves |
| shallower and lighter female pelves provide | more room in the true pelvis for childbearing purposes |
| lower limb/extremity | femur, crus, pes |
| femur (thigh) | largest, longest, strongest bone in the body and can endure 280 kilograms per square cm (2 tons per square inch) |
| proximal end features of femur | head, fovea capitis, neck, greater/lesser trochanter, intertrochanteric line/crest, pectineal line, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, femoral shaft |
| head of femur | ball-like proximal end |
| fovea capitis | small, central pit on femoral head (medial) |
| ligament of the head of the femur runs | from fovea capitis to the acetabulum |
| neck of the femur | angles 125 degrees laterally to join the shaft and is the weakest part of femure (fractured in a broken hip) |
| greater trochanter (lateral) | projects laterally from the junction of the neck and shaft |
| greater trochanter is the attachment site for | various tendons and muscles |
| lesster trochanter | posteromedial, originates on the posteromedial surface of femure and attachment site for various tendons and muscles |
| intertrochanter line | interconnect the trochanters (anteriorly) |
| intertrochanteric crest | interconnect the trochanters posteriorly |
| pectineal line | medial; inferior to the intertrochanteric crest(pectineus muscle attachment) |
| gluteal tuberosity | lateral, posterior side of shaft and attaches the gluteal muscle |
| linea aspera | posterior, prominent elevation located on posteroinferior surface of shaft (attachment for powerful hi muscles) |
| powerful hip muscle | adductor muscles |
| femoral shaft | strong, massive, but curves along its length |
| lateral bow of shaft facilitates | weight bearing and balance |
| distal end features of femur | medial/lateral supracondylar ridge, latera/medial condyles, latera/medial epicondyles, adductor tubercle, intercondylar fossa, patellar surface |
| supracondylar ridge (posterior) | linea aspera distally divides into these two ridges to form a flattened triangular area (popliteal surface) |
| condyles (posterior) | distal broadened area of the femur, wagon wheel shaped |
| epicondyles | most raised points on the sides of the condyles (ligament attachment site) |
| adductor tubercle | bump on upper part of medial condyle |
| intercondylar fossa | seperates the two condyles posteriorly |
| patellar surface | seperates 2 condyles anteriorly |
| patella | triangular sesamoid bone enclosed within the tendon that secures the quadriceps femoris muscles of anterior thigh to the tibia |
| functions of patella | strengthens the quadriceps tendon, protects anterior surface of knee joint, increases contraction force of quadriceps femoris |
| patella is a | rough, convex anterior surface with broad, superior base and roughly pointed inferior apex |
| posterior facets | for medial and lateral condyles of femur (patella) |
| posteroinferior surface is for | patellar ligament |
| crus consists of | tibia and fibula |
| tibia | second largest/strongest bone of body |
| tibia receives | the weight of the body from femur to transmit to the foot |
| the tibia is the | medial bone |
| features of tibia | medial/lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, anterior crest, medial malleolus, articular surface, proximal/dital tibiofibular joint |
| medial/lateral condyles of tibia | broad proximal end, resemble two thick checkers lying side by side on top of shaft |
| the superior articular surfaces of condyles of tibia are | slightly concave |
| intercondylar eminence | irregular projection that seperates the two condyles |
| tibial tuberosity | anterior, attachment site for patellar ligament |
| anterior border/crest | sharp subcutaneous anterior ridge on the tibial shaft |
| medial malleolus | inferior projection which forms the medial bulge of ankle |
| medial malleolus articulates with the | talus bone of the foot |
| articular surface | flat, distal end tibia, which articulates with talus of the foot |
| proximal tibiofibular joint contains | facet on inferior part of lateral tibial condyle that articulates with the fibula |
| distal tibiofibular joint contains | fibular notch that articulates with the fibula |
| fibula is a | thin, long bone with 2 expanded ends |
| fibula is located | lateral to the tibia |
| features of fibula | fibular head, lateral malleolus, shaft |
| fibular head | superior, proximal end |
| lateral malleolus | inferior projection which forms the lateral bulge of ankle |
| lateral malleolus articulates with | talus of foot |
| shaft of fibula is heavily | ridged, appears to have been twisted a 1/4 turn |
| fibula does not | bear weight, but several muscles originate from it |
| fractures most often occur at the | medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibula |
| fractures of fibula and tibiaare caused by | inversion or eversion of the foot at the ankle |
| pes (foot) bones consist of | tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges |
| functions of foot bones | supports the body's weight, act as a lever to propel body forward during walking and running |
| segmentation makes the foot | pliable, making it adaptable to uneven ground |
| medial side of the foot is the | hallux, opposite from the orientation of the hand where the pollex is the lateral side,in anatomical position |
| tarsus is the | posterior half of the foot which contains 7 tarsal bones |
| talus | ankle, second largest bone in foot |
| talus transmits body weight from | the tibia anteriorly toward the toes |
| trochleaof talus | smooth superior surface, which contains lateral and medial extensions that articulate with the lateral malleolus and medial malleolus respectively |
| calcaneous | heel bone, largest tarsal bone |
| calcaneus carries | talus on its superior surface |
| what attaches to the posterior surface of the calcaneus? | thick tendon of calf muscles (achilles tendon) |
| calcaneal tuberosity | part of calcaneus that touches the ground |
| sustentaculum tali | medial, shelf-like projection, which articulates with the talus superiorly |
| cuboid (lateral) | cube shaped tarsal |
| navicular (medial) | boat like tarsal |
| medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiform bones | anterior, wedge shaped, located anterior to navicular, named according to their position |
| metatarsus | distal portion of the foot |
| how many metatarsals are in 1 foot | 5 small, long bones (I-V) |
| metatarsals help support | body weight during walking, standing, and running |
| metatarsals form the | balls of the foot |
| phalanges of the toes (14) | smaller than fingers (less agile) but same general structure/arrangement |
| hallux (big toe) | distal phalanx and proximal phalanx |
| digits 2-5 | distal,middle, proximal phalanges |
Created by:
handrzej
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