Chabner Ch 11 WWC glossary terms
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| ACE inhibitor | Drug that causes dilation of blood vessels and lowers blood pressure, prevents heart attacks, strokes, and congestive heart failure. ACE stands for angiotensin-converting enzyme, which normally constricts blood vessels.
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| acute coronary syndromes ACS | Consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries; unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack).
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| anuerysm | Local widening or ballooning out of a small area of an artery.
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| angina | Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemia.
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| angiogram | X-ray record of a blood vessel.
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| angiography | X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material.
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| angioplasty | Surgical repair of a blood vessel.
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| anoxia | Lack of oxygen in body tissues.
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| brachial artery | Artery that carries blood to the arm.
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| aorta | Largest artery in the body.
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| aortic stenosis | Narrowing of the aorta.
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| beta-blocker | Drug used to treat high blood pressure and control heart rate.
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| arrhythmia | Without rhythm; an irregular beat of the heart.
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| arterial anastomosis | Surgical connection between two arteries.
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| arteriography | X-ray recording of arteries; contrast is injected.
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| arteriosclerosis | Hardening of an artery with collection of fatty plaque.
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| artery | Largest type of blood vessel.
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| atherectomy | Removal of plaque (lipids and clots) that accumulate in the lining of an artery.
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| atheroma | Mass of fatty plaque that collects in an artery.
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| atherosclerosis | Form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty plaque deposits in the interior lining of an artery.
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| atrial | Pertaining to an atrium (upper chamber of the heart).
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| atrial fibrillation | Electrical impulses move randomly throughout the atria, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting with a normal rhythm.
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| atrioventricular block | Failure of conduction of impulses from the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle and ventricles of the heart.
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| atrioventricular bundle | Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting impulses between them; bundle of His.
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| atrioventricular node | Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the sino-atrial node (pacemaker) through the atrioventricular node and atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) toward the ventricles.
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| atrium (pl. atria) | Upper chamber of the heart.
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| auscultation | Use of a stethoscope to listen for sounds emanating from the heart or other organs.
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| bundle of His | Atrioventricular bundle.
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| bradycardia | Slow heartbeat.
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| bruit | An abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard on auscultation of an artery or an organ.
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| calcium channel blocker | Drug used to treat chest pain (angina) and high blood pressure (hypertension).
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| capillary | Smallest blood vessel.
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| carbon dioxide | Gas released by body cells and carried by veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation; CO2.
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| cardiac arrest | Sudden, unexpected stoppage of the heart; sudden cardiac death.
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| cardiac catheterization | Thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery and after contrast material is introduced, blood pressure is measured, and x-rays taken to image patterns of blood flow.
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| cardiac MRI | Images of the heart are produced with magnetic waves.
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| cardiac tamponade | Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space.
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| cardiomegaly | Enlargement of the heart.
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| cardiomyopathy | Disease of heart muscle.
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| cardioversion | Treatment for serious arrhythmias using brief discharges of electricity to shock the heart so that a normal rhythm can begin; defibrillation.
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| claudication | Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.
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| coarctation of the aorta | Congenital anomaly in which a portion of the aorta near the heart is narrowed or stenosed.
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| computerized tomography angiography | X-ray images are combined with computerized tomography to produce a three-dimensional picture of the heart and blood vessels.
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| congenital heart disease | Structural heart defects that appear at birth.
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| congestive heart failure (CHF) | Heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood.
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| coronary arteries | Branches of the aorta bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
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| coronary artery bypass grafting | Arteries or veins are grafted onto coronary arteries to bypass blocked arteries and bring need blood supply to the myocardium.
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| coronary artery disease | Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle become clogged and blocked with deposits of fatty material and cholesterol (plaque).
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| cyanosis | Abnormal condition of blueness of the skin; caused by decreased oxygen and increased carbon dioxide in the blood.
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| deep-vein thrombosis | Blood clots form in a large vein, usually in the leg.
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| deoxygenated blood | Blood that is oxygen-poor.
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| diastole | Relaxation phase of the heartbeat.
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| digital subtraction angiography | Video equipment, computer and x-ray machine produce images of blood vessels before and after injecting contrast material.
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| Doppler ultrasound | Method of focusing sound waves on blood vessels to measure blood flow.
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| echocardiography | High-energy sound waves are transmitted into the chest and images recorded of valves, chambers, surfaces and movement of the heart.
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| electrocardiogram | Record of the electricity flowing through the heart.
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| electrocardiography | Process of recording the electricity flowing through the heart.
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| electron beam computed tomography | Electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early coronary artery disease.
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| embolus (pl. emboli) | A clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.
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| endarterectomy | Surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery.
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| endocarditis | Inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart).
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| endocardium | Inner lining of the heart.
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| endothelium | Innermost lining of blood vessels.
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| extracorporeal circulation | Use of a heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs during open heart surgery.
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| fibrillation | Random, rapid, inefficient, irregular contractions of the atria or ventricles.
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| flutter | Rapid, but regular contractions of the heart, usually of the atria.
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| heart transplantation | Donor heart is transferred to a recipient.
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| Holter monitoring | Compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.
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| interventricular septum | Wall between the ventricles of the heart.
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| hypercholestrolemia | High levels of cholesterol in the blood.
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| hypertension | High blood pressure.
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| hypoxia | Hypoxia is deficiency of oxygen in body tissues.
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| implantable cardioverter defibrillator | Small electric device implanted inside the chest (near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm.
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| infarction | Area of dead tissue.
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| ischemia | Holding back blood to an region of the body. Myocardial ischemia is deprivation of blood to the heart muscle.
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| left ventricular assist device (LVAD) | Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle. An LVAD is a “bridge to transplant” or destination therapy when heart transplantation is impossible.
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| lipid tests | Measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a sample of blood.
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| lipoprotein electrophoresis | Lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated in a blood sample. Examples of lipoproteins are HDL (high density lipoprotein) and LDL (low density lipoprotein).
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| mitral stenosis | Narrowing of the mitral valve.
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| mitral valve | Valve between the left atrium and left ventricle; bicuspid valve.
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| mitral valve prolapse | Abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
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| mitral valvulitis | Inflammation of the mitral valve.
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| murmur | Extra sound heard between normal beats during auscultation of the heart.
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| myocardial infarction | Area of dead (necrotic) tissue in the heart muscle; heart attack.
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| myocardium | Muscular layer of the heart.
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| myxoma | Rare neoplasm of connective tissue found in the heart muscle.
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| nitroglycerin | Drug used in the treatment of angina (pectoris). It dilates coronary arteries so that more blood flows to heart muscle.
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| normal sinus rhythm | Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node. (pacemaker of the heart)
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| occlusion | Blockage or closure of a vessel or tube.
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| pacemaker | Specialized nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; it begins the heartbeat; sinoatrial node, SA node
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| palpitations | Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as skipped beats.
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| patent ductus arteriosus | The ductus arteriosus, a small duct that is open during fetal circulation, fails to close at birth. "
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| pericardial friction rub | Scraping or grating sound heard on auscultation of the heart. It is usually symptomatic of pericarditis.
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| pericardiocentesis | Surgical puncture to remove fluid within the pericardial space surrounding the heart.
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| percutaneous coronary intervention | A catheter with a balloon and stent is inserted into a coronary artery to remove collections of plaque. Drug-eluting stents release chemicals to keep debris and plaque from recollecting.
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| pericarditis | Inflammation of the pericardium (double-layered outermost membrane of the heart).
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| pericardium | Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
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| peripheral vascular disease (PVD) | Blockage of blood vessels outside the heart. Carotid artery occlusion is an example.
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| petechiae | Small pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin.
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| phlebotomy | Incision into a vein.
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| pulse | Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.
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| pulmonary artery | Blood vessel carrying oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs.
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| pulmonary valve | A valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
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| pulmonary vein | One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
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| pulmonary circulation | Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart.
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| radiofrequency catheter ablation | To treat certain cardiac arrhythmias, radiofrequency energy is delivered from the tip of a catheter inserted through a blood vessel into the heart. The treatment destroys or ablates the tissue causing the arrhythmia.
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| Raynaud disease | Recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis in fingers and toes caused by blood vessel spasms.
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| rheumatic heart disease | Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.
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| septal defects | Small holes, present at birth, in the walls between the heart chambers.
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| septum (pl. septa) | Wall or partition. The interatrial septum lies between the atria of the heart and the interventricular septum is between the ventricles of the heart.
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| serum enzyme tests | Chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack. Examples are creatine kinase (CK), troponin-I (cTnI), and troponin T (cTnT).
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| sinoatrial node | Sensitive nervous tissue in the wall of the right atrium; pacemaker of the heart.
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| sphygmmanometer | Instrument to measure blood pressure.
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| statins | Drugs given to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.
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| stethoscope | Instrument for listening to sounds in the chest.
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| stress test | Exercise tolerance test (ETT) is used to determine the heart’s response to physical exertion.
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| systemic circulation | Flow of blood from body tissues to the heart and from the heart back to the tissues.
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| systole | Contraction phase of the heartbeat.
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| tachycardia | Rapid heartbeat.
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| technetium 99m sestamibi scan | Uptake of a radioactive chemical (technetium 99m sestamibi) in myocardium reveals evidence of a heart attack (myocardial infarction).
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| telemetry | Continuous monitoring of a patient’s heart rhythm in a hospital.
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| tetralogy of Fallot | Four separate defects of the heart occurring at birth.
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| thallium 201 scan | Concentration of a radioactive substance (thallium 201) is measured in the myocardium to show evidence of an infarction (“cold spots”).
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| thrill | Fine vibration felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked.
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| thrombolysis | Fine vibration felt on palpation (touching) the body over a blood vessel that is blocked.
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| thrombolytic therapy | Injection of drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots in the bloodstream.
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| thrombophlebitis | Inflammation of a vein and formation of a clot within the vein.
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| thrombotic occlusion | Blockage of a blood vessel caused by thrombosis or clot formation.
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| tricuspid valve | A valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
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| valve | Structure in a vein or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in the proper direction.
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| valvotomy | Incision of a valve.
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| valvuloplasty | Surgical repair of a valve.
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| varicose veins | Swollen, twisted veins, often occurring in the legs.
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| vascular | Pertaining to a blood vessel.
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| vasoconstriction | Narrowing of a blood vessel.
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| vasodilation | Widening of a blood vessel; vasodilatation.
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| vegetations | Collections of clotted material that accumulate on endocardium and valves of the heart in conditions such as endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.
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| vein | Thin-walled blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from body tissues back to the heart.
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| vena cava (pl. vena cavae) | Largest vein in the body. The venae cavae (inferior and superior) return blood to the heart from the body tissues.
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| venipuncture | Incision of a vein to remove blood.
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| venous | Pertaining to a vein.
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| ventricle | One of two lower chambers of the heart.
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| venule | Small vein.
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