The Habsburg Empire
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| During the age of national states, liberal institutions, and industrialism, the Habsburg Empire domain remained what? | Primarily dynastic, absolutist, and agrarian.
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| During the 1850s, Emperor Francis Joseph's ministers attempted to impose what? | A centralized administrated which amounted to military and bureaucratic regime dominated by German-Speaking Austrians
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| What was the October Diploma issued by Francis Joseph in 1860? | This created a federation among the states and provinces of the empire. There were to be local diets dominated by the landed classes and a single imperial parliament. However the Magyar rejected the plan.
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| What was the February Patent issued by the emperor in 1861? | It established a bicameral parliament, or Reichsrat, with an upper chamber appointed by the emperor and an indirectly elected lower chamber.
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| How long did this last unlike the October Diploma? | The Magyars refused to cooperate but it governed the empire for six years.
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| What was the Ausgleich, or Compromise, of 1867? | This transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy known as Austria-Hungary.
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| In Hungary, what was political loyalty based on? | Nationality
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| Who were the most vocal critics of the Compromise of 1867? | Th Czechs of Bohemia.
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| What did they favor? | They favored a policy of "trialism", or triple monarchy, in which Czechs would have a position similar to that of the Hungarians.
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| What did Francis Joseph give the Germans and Czechs in 1897? | He gave them equality of language in various localities.
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| What became the single most important factor in defining a nation? | Language, the expansion of education made this possible.
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| What did the unrest of the various nationalities within the Habsburg Empire? | It not only caused internal political difficulties, but also became a major source of political instability for all of central and eastern Europe.
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