A&P Test- Chaps 1-4
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| Sagittal Plane | Passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions.
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| Frontal (Coronal) Plane | Passes vertically through the body and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
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| Transverse (Horizontal) Plane | Passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis, dividing the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
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| Palpation | Feeling
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| Auscultation | Listening
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| Percussion | Tapping and listening for echoes and sounds.
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| Inspection | Looking
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| Gross Anatomy | Able to see with naked eye.
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| Histology | Need microscope to see.
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| Hipocrates | Father of Medicine
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| Claudius Galen | Physician to Roman gladiators.
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| Andreas Vasalius | Father of cadaver medicine.
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| Robert Hooke | Invented microscope.
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| Antony Van Leeuwenhoek | Invented Microscope. Not scientist.
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| Charles Darwin | Father of evolutionary theory.
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| Evolution | Change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms.
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| Natural Selection | The process by which the most fit survive.
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| Adaptations | Features of an organism's anatomy, physiology, and behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to cope with the challenges of its environment.
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| Hierarchy of Structure | Atom, molecule, organelle, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
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| Fact | Information that can be independently verified by an trained person.
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| Law | A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave.
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| Theory | An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws and confirmed hypotheses.
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| Positive Feedback | A physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction. Birth and blood clotting.
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| Negative Feedback | A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or revise it.
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| Valance Shell Rule | 1st shell-2, 2nd shell-8, 3rd shell-8.
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| Isotopes | Different number of neutrons.
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| Ion | Different number of electrons
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| Cation | Gains electrons and acquires a negative charge.
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| Anion | Loses electrons and acquires a positive charge.
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| Electrolytes | Ionized minerals.
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| Ionic Bond | The attraction of a cation to an anion.
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| Covalent Bond | Forms by the sharing of electrons.
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| Hydrophilic | Water lover.
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| Hydrophobic | Water hater.
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| Properties of Water | Solvency, Cohesion, Adhesion, Chemical Reactivity, and Thermal Stability.
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| Solvency | Waters ability to dissolve stuff.
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| Cohesion | Water sticks to itself.
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| Adhesion | Water sticks to other things.
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| Chemical Reactivity | Water participates in lots of important chemical reactions.
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| Thermal Stability | Water has a wide range of temperatures: 1-100 degrees Celsius and 32-212 degrees Fahrenheit.
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| Acid | Proton donor.
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| Base | Proton acceptor.
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| pH Scale | Runs from 0-14. 7 is neutral and everythign higher is a bse and everything lower is an acid.
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| More acidic | Means less pH.
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| More alkaline (base) | Means higher pH.
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| pH goes down as... | hydrogen ion goes up.
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| More hydrogen ion means.. | more acidic and lower base.
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| Aerobic Cellular Respiration | Oxidation of organic compounds in a reaction series that requires oxygen and produces ATP. Making energy.
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| Metabolism | Catabolism- Breaks down.
Anabolism- Builds up.
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| Reduction and Oxidation | Involve exchanging of electrons.
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| Dehydration Synthesis | Remove water to build up.
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| Hydrolysis | Add water back in to break apart.
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| Nucleic | DNA and RNA
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| Hydroxi | -OH
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| Methyl | -CH3
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| Carboxyl | -COOH
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| Amino | -NH2
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| Phosphate | H2PO4
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| Polysaccharides | Glycogen, Starch, and Cellulose.
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| Glycogen | Glucose storage in animals.
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| Starch | Glucose storage in plants.
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| Cullulose | Plant cell walls.
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| Phospholipid | An amphilphilic molecule composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group bonded to the three carbons of glycerol molecule; composes most of the molecules of the plasma membrane and other cellular membranes.
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| Proteins | Are made of amino acids.
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| Primary Structure | Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
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| Secondary Structure | Alpha helix of beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding.
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| Tertiary Structure | Folding and coiling due to interactions among R groups and between R groups and surrounding water.
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| Quaternary Structure | Association of two or more polypeptied chains with each other.
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| Amino Acids | Made up of COOH (Carboxial), H (Hydrogen), NH3-, and R group.
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| Enzymes | Biological catalysts.
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| Enzymes. | Are proteins.
Decrease the activation energy of a reaction.
Not consumed in the reactions.
NOt consumed in the reactions.
Ultra specific.
Binding site.
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| ATP | Energy currency.
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| Energy | Needed for oxygen.
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| Nucleotides | Monotide of nucleic acid.
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| Modern Cell Theory | All organisms are composed of cells and cell products.
The monomer of life is the cell.
Cells determine an organism's function.
Cells come from preexisting cells.
Cells within species are similar.
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| Micrometer | One millionth of a meter.
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| Giga | billion
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| Mega | million
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| Kilo | thousand
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| Mili | thousandth
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| Micro | millionth
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| Nano | billionth
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| Resolution | The ability to tell two things apart in a microscope.
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| Mitochondria | Energy organelle. ATP made there.
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| Nucleus | Contains DNA. Only place it is found.
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| Ribosomes | Make proteins.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Processing plant of cell.
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| Microvillas | Extensions on edge of cell to give it more surface area.
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| Cilia | In respiratory tract. Moves stuff up.
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| Flagellum | Appendage of he membrane for motility.
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| Plasma Membrane | Has carbohydrates, proteins and lipids but NOT nucleic acid.
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| Filtration | A process in which hydrostatic pressure forces a fluid through a selectively permeable membrane.
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| Facilitated Diffusion | Help make it go better.
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| Active TransPort | Requires energy. Goes up concentration gradient.
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| Endocytosis | Into
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| Exocytosis | Opposite of endocytosis. Out of.
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| Phagocytosis | Cell eating.
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| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking.
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| Nucleotide Compartments | Nitrogenous base, pento sugar, phosphate group.
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| Audenine and Guadine | are pure as gold.
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| Rosalind Franklin | Forgotten hero.
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| Histones | Proteins that act liek spools that DNA get wrapped around. Package DNA.
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| Five Differences between DNA and RNA | Sugar- Deoxyribose (DNA), Ribose (RNA).
Types of nitrogenous bases- A,T,C,G (DNA), A,U,C, (RNA).
Number of nitrogenous bases- Less (DNA), More (RNA).
Number of nucleotide chains- Two (DNA), One (RNA).
Site of action- Functions in nucleus; cannot leave
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| Replication | Using DNA to make more DNA
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| Transcription | Using DNA to make messenger RNA (mRNA).
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| Translation | Using mRNA to make proteins (occurs in cytoplasm).
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| DNA Helicase | An enzyme that opens up one short segment of the helix at a time, exposing its nitrogenous bases.
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| -ase suffix | Is an enzyme.
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| DNA Polymerase | An enzyme that moves along each strand; reads the exposed bases; and like arranges "marriages" with complementary free nucleotides.
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| Purines | Guanine and Audine
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| DNA Ligase | Glues the lagging strand in DNA.
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| Mitosis | A mechanism by which cells divide.
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| Base Triplets | Sets of bases
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| RNA Polymerase | Makes RNA in the cytoplasm
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| Which uses uricil, DNA or RNA? | RNA
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| tRNA | Transfer RNA. Hang out in packs in Cytoplasm.
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| Ribosome reads??? | The Codons on mRNA.
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| Codons are on??? | mRNA
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| Anticodons are on??? | tRNA
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| What to do with Glucose? | Make ATP.
Store it.
Absorb it to fat syntheses.
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| Glycolysis | 1) In cytoplasm.
2) Consumes Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD.
3) Makes pyruvate (pyruvic acid), 4ATP, 2NADH.
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| Kreb's Cycle | 1) Occurs in mitochondrial matrix (center of mitochondria).
2) Consumes pyruvate.
3) Makes 2ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2.
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| Electron Transport Chain/System | 1) OCcurs in inner mitochondria membrane.
2) Consumes NADH, FADH2, O2
3) MAkes NAD, FADH, and lots of ATP (34 generaly).
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| The purpose of aerobic respiration in human cells is to??? | Recycle NAD so glycolysis can continue.
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| ATP Syntheses Enzyme | Synthesizes ATP.
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| Hydrogen Bond | A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another.
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| Van der Waals Forces | Weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms.
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| Monosaccahrides | Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose.
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| Hypertonic | Lower concentration of solute.
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| Hypotonic | Higher concentration of solute.
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| Isotonic | Equal concentrations of solute and solvent.
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| Proton Motive Force | Uses facilitated diffusion.
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| Aerobic Cellular Respiration Formula | Glucose + O2 = ATP + H2O + CO2
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