Digestive System
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| achalasia | decreased mobility of the lower esophagus and constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter
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| diverticulitis | inflamed diverticula
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| hiatal hernia | type of hearnia is the result of an upward protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm due to an enlarged cardiac sphincter; diaphragmatic hernia
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| hyperemesis | excessive vomiting
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| papillae | rough elevations covering the tongue's upper surface
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| volvulus | rotation or twisting of loops of the bowel
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| oroplasty | plastic surgery of the mouth
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| navel | umbilical hernia is a protrustion of the intesting through a weakness in the abdominal wall around this area
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| ileus | obstruction of the intestine
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| diverticulosis | non-inflamed diverticula
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| bolus | mass formed during the process of chewing
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| cholelithiasis | medical term for gallstones
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| gingivitis | bleeding gums are a sign of
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| diarrhea | frequent passage of loose watery stools
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| diverticulum | outpouching through the muscular layer of the intestine, often associated with the sigmoid colon
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| peritoneum | specific, serous membrane that cover the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera
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| glycogenesis | coversion of glucose to glycogen
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| colostomy | surgical creation of a new opening between the colon and abdominal wall
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| laparoscopy | exam through the abdominal wall
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| ileostomy | creation of a new opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall
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| colectomy | removal of all or part of the colon
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| hemorrhoids | varicosities of the lower rectum
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| borborygmi | gurgling, tinkling noises heard with the stethoscope
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| eructation | air passed from the stomach through the mouth
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| stool guaiac | fecal test for occult blood
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| cheiloplasty | repair of a defect of the lip
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| emaciation | excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
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| dyspepsia | a vague feeling of the epigastric discomfort after eating
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| achlorhydia | an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice
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| aphagia | condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow
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| ascites | an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity
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| saliva | secretion containing water, enzymes, and mucus
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| amylase | component of saliva, aids in the digestion of carbohydrates
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| rugae | folds in the mucous membrane lining of the stomach
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| chyme | liquid-like mixture that results from the digestive activities in the stomach
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| enamel | hardest substance in the body, covers the visible part of the tooth
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| cementum | harden connective tissue, covers the dentin of the tooth neck and root
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| lipase | enzyme, aids in the digestions of fats
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| peristalsis | wavelike motion that moves food through the digestive system
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| ileocecal sphincter | pervents back flow of waste from the large intestine to the small intestine
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| nutritionist | medical professional that tells people what to eat; studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition
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| absorption | passage of substances across and into tissues
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| bile | bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver
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| crown | part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line
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| deciduous teeth | first set or primary teeth; baby teeth
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| defecation | act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus
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| deglutition | swallowing
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| dietitian | allied health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for the sick as well as healthy people.
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| digestion | process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be used by body cells
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| endocrine gland | the pancreas manufactures insulin - which passes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts
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| exocrine gland | pancreas manufactures the digestive juices which aid in the absorption of nutrients
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| gastroenterologist | medical doctor who specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gatrointestinal tract
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| gavage | procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube
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| gingivae | gum tissue (singular: gingiva)
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| glucagon | a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulate the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood surgar level is dangerously low
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| glucose | simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits, and major source of energy occurring in the human and animal body fluids
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| glycogen | complex sugar (starch)that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells
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| glycogenesis | conversion of simple sugar into a complex for of sugar for storage in the liver
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| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver, releasing it back into the circulating blood in response to very low blood sugar level
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| hepatocyte | liver cell
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| ileum | distal portion of the small intestine extending frome the jejunum to the cecum
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| mastication | chewing, tearin, or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva
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| palate | structure that forms the roof of the mouth
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| pancreas | elongated organ approximately 6 to 9 inches long, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen that secretes various substances such as digestive enzymes, insulin, and glucagon
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| pharynx | throat
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| rectum | portion of the large intestine, about 12 cm long
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| salivary glands | one of the three pairs of glands secreting into the mouth, thus aiding the digestive process
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| sigmoid colon | portion of the colon that extends from the end of the descending colon in the pelvis to the juncture of the rectum
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| sphincter | circular band of muscle fibers that constrictss a passage or closes a natural opening in the body
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| stomach | major organ of digestion located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen and divided into a body and pylorus
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| uvula | small, cone-shaped process suspended in the mouth
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| achlorhydria | abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juices
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| anorexia | lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
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| constipation | difficulty in passing stools, or an incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools
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| dypepsia | vague feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating; uncomfortable feeling of fullness, heartburn, bloating, and nausea
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| emesis | material expelled from the stomach during vomiting; vomitus
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| eructation | act of bringing up air from the stomach through the mouth; belching
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| flatus/flatulence | air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum
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| gastroesophageal reflux | backflow of content of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
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| icterus | yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes and sclera of eyes - due to greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood; jaundice
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| nausea | unpleasent sensation often leading to the urge to vomit
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| pruritus ani | comon chronic condition of itching of the skin around the anus
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| streatorrha | greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces
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| anal fistula | abnormal passageway in the skin surface near the anus usually connecting with the rectum; may occur as the result of a draining abscess
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| celiac disease | nutrient malabsorption due to damaged small bowel mucosa; occuring because of the ingestion of gluten
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| cirrhosis | disease of the liver that is chronic and dgenerative, causing injury to hepatocytes
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| colorectal cancer | presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine; stool examination for occult blood is used for diagnosis
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| Crohn's disease | digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia; also known as regional enteritis
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| dental caries | tooth decay caused by acid-forming microorganisms
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| dysentery | painful intestinal inflammation typically caused by ingesting water of food containing bacteria, protozoa, parasites, or chemical irritants; abdominal pain, bloody stools and intestinal cramping. often a result of unsanitary conditions
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| gallstones (cholelithiasis) | pigmented or hardened cholesterol stones formed as a result of bile crystallization
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| hepatitis | acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to a viral or bacterial infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites. most common is viral (A, B, and C)
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| hernia | irregular protrusion of tissue, organ, or a portion of an organ through an abnormal break in the surrounding cavity's muscular wall
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| intussusception | typically occurs in infants and young children; causing obstruction; severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and "currant jelly stool"
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | increased motility of the small or large intestinal wall, resulting in abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and trapping of gas throughout the intestines; spastic colon
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| oral leukoplakia | precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth
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| peptic ulcers (gastric, duodenal, perforated) | break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the gasrointestinal tract as a result of hyperacidity or the bacterium H. pylori; acute or chronic, singular or clustered
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| polyps, colorectal | small growths projecting from the mucous membrane of the colon or rectum
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| thrush | fungal infection in the mouth and throat producing sore, creamy white, slightly raised curdlike patches on the tongue and other oral mucosal surfaces; caused by Candida albicans
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| ulcerative colitis | chronic inflamammatory condition resulting ina break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon in the form of ulcers; large watery diarrheal stools containing mucus, pus or blood
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| abdominocentesis (paracentesis) | involves insertion of a needle or trochar into the abdominal cavity to remove excess fluid, with the person in a sitting position
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| cholecystectomy | surgical removal of the gallbladder
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| cholecystography (oral) | visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye
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| colonoscopy | direct visualization of the lining of the large intestine using a fiberoptic colonoscope
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| colostomy | surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which feces will be expelled
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| gastric lavage | irrigation, or washing out, of the stomach with sterile water or a saline solution
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| herniorrhaphy | surgical repair of a hernia by closing the defect using sutures, mesh, or wire
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| small bowel follow-through | oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows through the GI system. X-ray films are obtained at timed intervals to observe the progression of the barium through the small intestine
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