Integumentary System
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| integumentary system | skin and appendages (accessory structures)
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| accessory structures | hair nails sweat glands sebaceous/oil glands
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| the skin is... | the largest organ of the body
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| how much of the total body weight is the skin | 7% (1.5 mm - 4 mm in thickness)
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| integument even covers | eyes and ears
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| all 4 what are found in the integument? | tissue types
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| what covers the surface? | epithelium
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| what provides underlying stability? | connective tissue
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| what is found on the walls of the blood cells | smooth muscles
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| what controls the blood vessels and provides sensations? | nervous tissue
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| functions of the integument | protection, body temp, excretion, nutrition (synthesis), sensation, immune defense
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| layers of the skin | dermis and epidermis
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| ear drums | typpanic membranes
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| superficial layer of the epidermis | thick epithelium
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| keratinized stratified squamous epithelia has four distinct cell types | keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells
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| keratinocytes | most abundant cell type and produce keratin for protection
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| keratin | tough fibrous protein
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| keratinocytes arise from... | deepest layer of epidermis from cells undergoing almost continuous mitosis
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| keratinocytes are.... | dead, flat cells completely full of keratine by the time they reach the surface
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| areas of friction cause... | cell production and keratine formation to accelerate
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| keratinocytes also produce... | antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify the harmful chemicals on the skin
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| melanocytes | produce melanin
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| melanin | dark skin pigment
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| thick skin | five visible layers
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| thin skin | four visible layers
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| merkel cells | intimately associated with sensory nerve ending fibers
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| merkel cells may serve as | receptors for touch
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| langerhans cells | macrophage-like dendritic cells (immune cells)
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| layers of the epidermis | dermis, basal lamina, stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum, surface
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| stratum basale/germinativum | single row of cells consisting of basal cells
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| basal cells | stem cell keratinocytes
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| stratum germinativum contain | merkel cells and melanocytes
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| what occurs in the stratum germinativum layer? | continual mitosis
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| merkel cells vs langerhans cells | detecting sensation vs phagocytic cells
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| stratum spinosum | (spiny layer)keratinocytes containting thick bundles of pre-keratin
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| stratum spinosum contains | langerhans cells
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| stratum spinosum's keratinocytes look | spiky due to production of interconnecting proteins called tonofibrils
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| tonofibrils increase... | stability in the spiny layer
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| stratum granulosum | 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
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| granulosum's cytoplasm of keratinocytes contain | keratohyaline (help from keratin)and lamellated granules(water proofing glycolipid)
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| stratum lucidum | clear layer that doesn't stain well
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| stratum lucidum is a... | transition zone that consists of flattened densely packed cells filled with keratin
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| where is lucidum found | only in thick skin (palms and soles of feet)
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| stratum corneum | horny layer
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| corneum consists mainly of | dead keratinocytes and water proofing glycolipids in the extracellular space
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| how many layers thick is the corneum? | 15-30
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| keratinized | epithelium containing a large amount of keratine
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| relatively dry covering that results... | is relatively reistant to microorganism growth
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| keratinization | occurs everywhere on the surfaceof the skin exceptthe anterior surface of the eyes
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| dermis | deep layer of connective tissue underlying the epidermis
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| the dermis (strong flexible connective tissue divide into two layers) | papillary and reticular layers
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| papillary layer | loose areolar connective tissue proper with capillaries
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| reticular layer | fibers in an interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands
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| cells in the dermis are | fibroblasts, macrophages, mast ccells, white blood cells
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| fiber types in the dermis | collagen, elastic, reticular
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| dermis is richly supplied with | nerve fibers and blood vessels
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| function of the dermis | nourishment and temp. regulation
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| papillary layer accounts for... | superficial, 20% of the dermis
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| dermal papillae | finger-like pegs which project into the epidermis and lie atop dermal ridges
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| papillary layer folds... | in the stratum germinativum and extend into the dermis to form epidermal ridges
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| finger prints, palm prints, and footprints result from | epidermal ridges and papillae are very pronounced
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| fingerprints and footprints | increase the surface area of the skin and increase friction/enhance gripping ability
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| patterns of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae are | genetically determined
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| reticular layer accounts for | 80% of the deeper dermis layer
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| reticular is composed of | dense irregular connective tissue
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| reticular due to... | thick collagen fibers that extend into the papillary and subcutaneous layer to bind everything together
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| hypodermis | subcutaneos layer
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| reticular layer provides... | strength and resilience to skin
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| what is found in the reticular layer | blood vessels, muscles, glands, hair follicles,and nerves
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| blood supply of the integument | cutaneous plexus and papillary plexus
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| cutaneous plexus | network of blood vessels at the border of the reticular layer and subcutaneous layer
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| papillary plexus | highly-branched network of blood vessels just deep to the epidermis
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| plexi play a role in | thermoregulation and overall blood flow
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| nerve fibers | regulate blood flow and glands
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| nerve supply provides | sensory perception through tactile discs and free dendrites
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| tactile discs | formed from union of merkel cells and sensory nerve endings
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| free dendrite | sensitive to pain and temperature
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| other receptors of the skin | tactile corpuscles (light touch) and root hair plexus (light touch) ruffini corpuscles (stretch) and lamellated corpuscles (deep pressure/vibrations)
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| skin color is determined by | thickness of corneum, amount of pigments in epidermis, and blood supply in dermis
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| melanin | dark pigment (black yellow-brown or brown) produces and stored by melanocytes
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| malanosomes | visciles with melanin and transfered from melanocytes to keratinocytes
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| vesicles are destroyed by | lysosomes
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| light skin | occurs if melanosomes are transferred in the stratum basale(germ) and spinosum (superficial layers lose pigment)
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| dark skin occurs if | larger melanosomes are transferred in the stratum granulosum as well
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| melanin helps prevent | skin damage by surrounding nuclei of cells to absorb uv radiation
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| melanin production is triggered by | UV radiation and leads to tanning
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| carotene | yellow-orange pigment found in orange veggies
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| carotene may be trapped in | the epidermisand can convert to Vitamin A
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| vitamin A is required for | epithelial maintenance and the synthesis of visual pigmens in the eye
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| increased blood flow... | causes blushing
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| decreased blood flow... | causes skin paleness
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| long-term decreased blood flow... | causes cyanosis resultingin hypoxia
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| cyanosis | bluish coloration
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| hypoxia | low tissue O2 concentrations
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| hypodermis is not.. | part of the integumentary system but shares skin fuctions
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| which tissues occur in the hypodermis | areolar and adipose (predominates)
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| hypodermis stores | fats
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| hypodermis anchors | kin to underlying structures loosely enough so that skin can slide relatively free
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| hypodermis acts as | insulator
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| great location for... | injection bec there aren't any organs (hypodermic needle)
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| function of hair | sense light touch on the skin via the roothair plexus
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| other functions of hair | protection,trapping of particles,arrector pili muscles provide movement of hairs(goosebumps)
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| what predominates hair | hard keratin
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| the hair root | portion of hair attached to hair follicle
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| hair shaft | portion exposed to the surface
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| two major parts of hair | hair root and shaft
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| hair consists of | three concentric layers of keratinized cells
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| keratinized cell layers | medulla, cortex, cuticle
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| medulla | central core containing large cells and air spaces, absent in fine hairs
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| cortex | several layers of flattened cells
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| cuticle | single outer layer of dead cells, overlapping like shingles, most heavily keratinized for strength
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| hair follicles | organs that form the hairs
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| hair follicles form from | the epidermal surface into the dermis, forming a hair bulb in the deep end
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| internal root sheath | layer of cells surrounding hair root and deeper parts of the shaft
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| external root sheath | located superficial to the internal root sheath and resembles the layer of the epidermis,spans entire length of follicle
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| glassy membrane | thickened basal lamina of epidermis
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| arrector pili muscle | associated w/ each hair follicle
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| hair papilla | are of unconnected tissue at the base of the hair follicle
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| hair bulb | area of epithelial that grows the hair
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| types of hair | lanugo, vellus, intermediate, terminal
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| lanugo | first hairs produced before birth
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| vellus | fine, colorless (peachfuzz)
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| intermediate | thin, colored hairs commonly found on the appendages and groin
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| terminal | coarse, darkly pigmented hairs found on head and face
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| hair color is determined by | melanin production in the melanocytes found in hair papilla
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| density of melanin | determines hair color
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| red hair results from | biochemically distinct form of melanin
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| hair color is affected by | age and hormones
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| gray hair results from | pigment production decreasing
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| white hair | lack of pigmentation and presence of air bubbloes in medulla
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| sebaceous glands | oil glands
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| oil glands occur | all over the body except the palms of hands and the soles of feet
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| oil glands are associated with | hair follicles
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| oily production | sebum
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| sebum functions as | lubrication and prevention of bacterial growth
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| oil glands secretion | holocrine
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| sebaceous follicles | large sebaceous glands that do not attach to a hair follicle
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| sweat glands | sudoriferous gloands
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| sweat glands occur | everywhere except nipples and external genitalia
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| myoepithelial cells | small cells that squeeze the secretion or sweat out of a sweat gland
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| myo | muslce
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| eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands | most numerous type especially on the palms and soles
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| sweat glands are | small, coiled and tubular
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| true sweat | 99% water, 1% electrolytes
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| functions of sweat | thermoregulation, excretion, protection
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| apocrine sweat glands | mostly confined to the axillary, anal and genital areas
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| apocrine glands are larger than | eccrine glands
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| apocrine glands produce | a special kind of sweat consisting of fatty substancesand proteins, via merocrine secretion
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| what may act on the secretion | bacteria, which changes biochemical makeup, which makes a bad odor
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| mammary glands | milk production, anatomicaolly related to apocrine sweat glands
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| ceruminous glands | modified sweat glands in the external auditory canal
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| cerumen | ear wax that forms from secretions of ceruminous glandsand sebaceous glands
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| nails | scale-like modification of epidermis
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| nails corresponds to | superficial keratinizedlayers of skin
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| nail matrix | actively growing region
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| nail body | actual nail
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| nail bed | epithelium under the nail body
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| nail root | fold in the epidermis near the bone of the digit
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| nail grooves | lateral borders of the nail body
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| nail folds | are upward folds in the epidermis lateral to the nail grooves
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| eponychium | cuticle, an extension of the proximal nail fold that coversthe nail root
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| lunula | pale area near the eponychium
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| hyponychium | fold of epidermis deep to the distal nail body
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