Respiratory System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | pulmonary ventilation
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| period when air flows into lungs | show 🗑
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| period when gases exit lungs | show 🗑
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| show | relative to
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| show | atmospheric pressure (Patm)
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| at __ __ Patm is 760 mm Hg | show 🗑
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| show | atmospheric units
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| show | lower than
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| show | higher than
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| is equal to atmospheric pressure | show 🗑
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| show | intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul)
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| show | intraplueral pressure (Pip)
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| Pip is always __ relative to Ppul | show 🗑
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| lung's natural tendency to __ always assume smallest possible size | show 🗑
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| show | attract
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| show | surface tension of alveolar fluid
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| show | lung-collapsing forces
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| force that tends to pull thorax outward & to enlarge lungs | show 🗑
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| show | pleural fluid
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| pleurae slide from side to side easily, but remain closely __ | show 🗑
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| separating the pleurae requires __ force | show 🗑
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| net result of dynamic interplay btwn forces of pleurae is a(n) __ __ | show 🗑
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| show | minimal
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| show | lymphatics
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| show | positive pressure
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| any condition that __ Pip with intrapulmonary pressure causes immediate lungs collapse | show 🗑
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| difference btwn intrapulmonary & intrapleural pressures (Ppul - Pip) | show 🗑
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| transpulmonary pressure keeps __ __ of lungs open or keeps them from collapsing | show 🗑
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| determines size of lungs at any given time | show 🗑
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| the __ the transpulmonary pressure, the larger the lungs | show 🗑
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| show | atelectasis
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| show | associated alveoli
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| show | chest wound
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| presence of air i pleural cavity is referred to as | show 🗑
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| show | reversed
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| show | lungs are in separate cavities
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| pulmonary ventilation, consisting of inspiration & expiration, is a(n) __ __ that depends on volume change in thoaric cavity | show 🗑
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| show | volume changes
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| show | pressure changes
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| show | pressure; volume
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| states that when temperature is constant, pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume | show 🗑
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| formula; at constant temperature, pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume | show 🗑
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| show | fill
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| show | far apart
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| show | closer together
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| show | thoracic cavity
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| volume of thoracic cavity is __ | show 🗑
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| show | decreasing gas pressure inside
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| drop in pressure within thoracic cavity causes | show 🗑
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| show | flow down
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| show | inspiratory muscles
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| during normal __ __ the inspiratory muscles are activated | show 🗑
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| show | superior-inferior dimension
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| show | quiet inspiration
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| __ __ external intercostal muscles lifts rib cage & pulls sternum superiorly | show 🗑
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| show | obliquely downward
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| when ribs are raised & drawn together, they swing outward, expanding __ of thorax both laterally & in anteroposterior plane | show 🗑
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| action of diaphragm & external intercostal muscles expand thoracic dimensions only a few __ along each plane, enough to increase thoracic volume by almost 500 ml | show 🗑
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| usual amount of air that enters lungs during normal quiet inspiration | show 🗑
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| show | the diaphragm
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| show | during inspiration
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| inspiratory muscles contract--> thoracic cavity volume increases --> lungs are stretched & intrapulmonary volume increases --> intrapulmonary pressure drops to -1mm Hg --> air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is zero | show 🗑
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| inspiratory muscles relax --> thoracic cavity volume decreases --> elastic lungs recoil passively & intrapulmonary volume decreases --> intrapulmonary pressure rises to +1 mm Hg --> air flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until Pip is zero | show 🗑
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| show | air rushes into lungs along pressure gradient
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| show | Ppul = Patm
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| show | deep/forced
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| scalenes & sternocleidomastoid muscles of neck & pectoralis minor of chest __ __ even more than occurs during quiet inspiration | show 🗑
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| back extends as thoracic curvature is __ by erector spinae muscles during quiet inspiration | show 🗑
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| show | quiet expiration
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| during quiet expiration, as inspiratory muscles relax & resume their __ __, the rib cage descends & lungs recoil | show 🗑
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| both thoracic & intrapulmonary volumes decrease | show 🗑
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| volume decreasing during quiet expiration __ the alveoli & Ppul rises to about 1mm Hg above atmospheric pressure | show 🗑
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| when Ppul > Patm the pressure gradient __ __ to flow out of the lungs | show 🗑
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| active process produced by contraction of abdominal wall muscles, primarily the oblique & transverse muscles | show 🗑
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| show | intra-abdominal
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| show | depresses
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| internal intercostal muscles also help to depress the rib cage & | show 🗑
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| show | precise regulation
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| inspiratory muscles consume energy to | show 🗑
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| show | friction/drag
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| show | equivalent
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| amount of gas flowing into & out of the alveoli is directly proportional to (triangle)P, which is the difference in pressure/pressure gradient between | show 🗑
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| show | large changes
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| during normal quiet breathing is 2 mm Hg/less; is sufficient to move 500 ml of air in/out of lungs with each breath | show 🗑
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| gas flow changes __, gas flow decreases as resistance increases | show 🗑
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| resistance in respiratory tree is determine mostly by the diameters of __ __ | show 🗑
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| show | low viscosity of air
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| as a rule, airway resistance is insignificant because as airways get progressively smaller, there are progressively more branches; as result, although individual bronchioles are tiny there are enormous number of them in parallel, so | show 🗑
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| show | medium-sized bronchi
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| at terminal bronchioles, gas flow stops & __ takes over as main force driving gas movement, so resistance is no longer an issue | show 🗑
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| local accumulations of mucus, infectious material, or solid tumors | show 🗑
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| show | more strenuous
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| when bronchioles are severely constricted/obstructed even most magnificent respiratory efforts cannot __ __ to life-sustaining levels | show 🗑
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| show | gas-liquid boundary
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| show | surface tension
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| show | dissimilar
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| surface tension __ any force that tends to increase surface are of the liquid | show 🗑
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| show | highly polar
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| water has a very __ surface tension | show 🗑
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| show | reduce alveoli
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| show | pure water
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| secretion produced by certain cells of alveoli that reduces surface tension of water molecules, thus preventing collapse of the alveoli after each expiration | show 🗑
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| show | detergent-like complex
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| surfactant decreases __ of water molecules | show 🗑
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| surfactant reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid, so __ __ is needed to overcome those forces to expand lungs & discourage alveolar collapse | show 🗑
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| breaths that are deeper than normal stimulate type II cells to | show 🗑
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| show | too little
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| condition peculiar to premature babies; inadequate pulmonary surfactant is produced due to prematurity often they are unable to keep alveoli inflated btwn breaths | show 🗑
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| show | IRDS
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| device that maintain positive airway pressure throughout respiratory cycle, for premature babies, are often used to | show 🗑
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| show | bronchopulmonary dysplasia
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| show | lung compliance (CL)
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| the more a lung expands for a given rise in transpulmonary pressure, the __ its compliance | show 🗑
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| the higher the lung compliance, the easier it is to __ __ at any given transpulmonary pressure | show 🗑
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| lung compliance is determined by __ of the lung tissue | show 🗑
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| show | alveolar
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| show | high
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| show | kept low
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| because of high lung distensibility & low alveolar surface tension, lungs of healthy people tend to have __ __ __, which favors efficient ventilation | show 🗑
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| lung compliance is diminished by decrease in __ __ of lungs | show 🗑
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| show | nonelastic scar
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| show | fibrosis
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| show | compliance of thoracic wall
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| show | hinder
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| total compliance of respiratory system is comprised of | show 🗑
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| show | total respiratory compliance
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| show | respiratory capacities
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| air moving into & out of the lungs with each breath; about 500 ml | show 🗑
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| amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume; 2100-3200 ml | show 🗑
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| show | expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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| 1200 ml of air that remains in the lungs, which helps to keep alveoli patent & prevent lung collapse | show 🗑
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| include inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, & total lung capacity; always consist of 2< lung volumes | show 🗑
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| total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration; sum of TV & IRV | show 🗑
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| show | functional residual capacity
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| show | vital capacity (VC)
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| show | total lung capacity (TLC)
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| lung volumes & capacities, with exception of __ __, tend to be smaller in women than in men | show 🗑
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| show | anatomical dead space
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| show | ideal body weight
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| if TV is 500 ml, only 350 ml of it is involved in alveolar ventilation, leaving 150 ml of tidal breath | show 🗑
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| alveoli cease to act in gas exchange due to alveolar collapse or obstruction by mucus creates | show 🗑
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| alveolar dead space is added to anatomical dead space, and sum of nonuseful volumes is referred to as | show 🗑
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| original instrument for measuring the volume of air entering and leaving the lungs | show 🗑
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| spirometer is most useful in evaluating losses in respiratory function & following course of certain __ __ | show 🗑
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| involves increased airway resistance | show 🗑
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| involves reduction in total lung capacity resulting from structural or functional changes in lungs | show 🗑
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| increases in TLC, FRC, & RV may occur as a result of __ of lungs in obstructive disease | show 🗑
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| VC, TLC, FRC, & RV are __ in restrictive pulmonary disorders which limit lung expansion | show 🗑
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| total amount of gas that flows into or out of respiratory tract in 1 minute | show 🗑
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| during normal quiet breathing the minute ventilation in healthy people is about | show 🗑
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| show | 200 L/min
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| show | forced vital capacity (FVC)
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| determined amount of air expelled during specific time intervals of FVC test | show 🗑
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| show | exhale
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| show | alveolar ventilation rate (AVR)
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| takes into account volume of air wasted in dead space & measures flow of fresh gases in/out of alveoli during particular time interval | show 🗑
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| formula for AVR | show 🗑
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| show | 4200 ml/min
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| show | raising respiratory rate
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| show | never reaches exchange sites
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| as tidal volume approaches the dead space value, __ __ approaches zero regardless of how fast a person is breathing | show 🗑
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| show | nonrespiratory air movements
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| states that total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is sum of pressures exerted independently by each gas in mixture; pressure exerted by each gas is directly proportional to percentage of that gas in gas mixture | show 🗑
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| pressure exerted by each gas | show 🗑
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| make up about 79% of air | show 🗑
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| show | partial pressure of nitrogen (Pn2)
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| 20.9% x 760 mm Hg) 159 mm Hg | show 🗑
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| show | nitrogen & oxygen together
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| show | air
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| show | decline
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| show | high altitudes
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| show | descent below sea level
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| show | Henry's law
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| according to Henry's law the greater the concentration of particular gas in gas phase, the more & faster that gas will go into | show 🗑
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| show | equilibrium
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| if partial pressure of gas later becomes greater in liquid than in adjacent gas phase, some of dissolved gas molecules will | show 🗑
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| show | solubility; temperature
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| show | carbon dioxide
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| only 1/20 as soluble in air as carbon dioxide | show 🗑
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| show | nitrogen
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| at a given partial pressure much more CO2 than O2 | show 🗑
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| show | goes into solution
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| show | decrease gas solubility
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| provide clinical applications of Henry's law; contain O2 gas at pressures higher than 1 atm & are used to force greater-than-normal amount of O2 into blood of patients suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning or tissue damage following radiation therapy | show 🗑
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| used to treat individuals with gas gangrene, because anaerobic bacteria causing infection cannot live in presence of high O2 levels | show 🗑
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| show | "the bends"
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| develops rapidly when Po2 is greater than 2.5-3 atm; excessively high concentrations generate huge amounts of harmful free radicals, resulting in profound CNS disturbances, coma, & death | show 🗑
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| show | gas exchange
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| show | humidification
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| difference in atmospheric & alveoli gases reflect effects of the __ __ alveolar gas that occurs with each breath | show 🗑
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| because only 500 ml of air is inspired with each tidal inspiration, gas in alveoli is actually a mixture of newly inspired gases and | show 🗑
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| alveolar partial pressures of O2 & CO2 are easily changed by increasing breathing __ & __ | show 🗑
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| high AVR bring more O2 into the alveoli, increasing alveolar Po2, and rapidly | show 🗑
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| show | external respiration
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| color change of blood during pulmonary gas exchange is due to O2 __ & __ to hemoglobin in RBCs | show 🗑
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| partial pressure __ & gas __ influence movement of oxygen & carbon dioxide across respiratory membrane | show 🗑
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| matching of __ ventilation & __ blood perfusion influence movement of oxygen & carbon dioxide across respiratory membrane | show 🗑
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| show | structural
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| show | partial pressure gradients of O2 & CO2
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| show | steep oxygen partial pressure gradient
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| show | diffuses rapidly
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| show | equilibrium
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| show | pulmonary capillaries
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| show | opposite direction
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| equal amounts of CO2 & O2 are exchanged, even with O2 having steeper pressure gradient, because CO2 is 20x more soluble in | show 🗑
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| amount of gas reaching alveoli | show 🗑
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| show | perfusion
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| for gas exchange to be __ there must be a coupling between ventilation & perfusion | show 🗑
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| show | redirected
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| show | maximal
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| __ mechanisms controlling pulmonary vascular muscle is the opposite of mechanism controlling most arterioles in systemic circulation | show 🗑
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| as result of changing diameter of local bronchioles and arterioles, alveolar ventilation & pulmonary perfusion are __ | show 🗑
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| show | arterioles
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| show | bronchioles
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| show | dilate
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| results in low O2 & high CO2 levels in alveoli | show 🗑
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| show | physiological match
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| show | flushing of blood
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| homeostatic mechanisms that provide appropriate conditions for efficient gas exchange never completely balance ventilation & perfusion because gravity causes __ __ in blood & air flow in lungs | show 🗑
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| show | unventilated areas
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| homeostatic mechanisms that provide appropriate conditions for efficient gas exchange never completely balance ventilation & perfusion because of __ of blood from bronchial veins | show 🗑
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| in healthy lungs, __ __ is only 0.5-1 micrometer thick, and gas exchange is usually very efficient | show 🗑
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| show | effective thickness
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| greater the surface are of respiratory membrane, the __ __ can diffuse across it in a given period of time | show 🗑
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| alveolar surface area actually functioning in gas exchange is drastically reduced; walls of adajacent alveoli break down & alveolar chambers become larger in | show 🗑
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| show | identical to those acting in lungs
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| show | O2 moves rapidly from blood into tissues until equilibrium is reached
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| venous blood draining to tissue capillary beds & returning to heart has | show 🗑
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| gas exchanges that occur btwn blood & alveoli & btwn blood & tissue cells take place by __ __ driven by partial pressure gradient of O2 & CO2 that exists on opposite sides of exchange membranes | show 🗑
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| molecular oxygen is carried to blood bound to | show 🗑
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| molecular oxygen is carried to blood | show 🗑
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| composed of 4 polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group | show 🗑
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| show | iron atoms
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| hemoglobin-oxygen combination | show 🗑
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| show | reduced hemoglobin/deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)
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| show | fully saturated
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| when 1, 2, or 3 oxygen molecules are bound, hemoglobin is | show 🗑
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| binding strength | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen saturation
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| show | regulated by
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| relationship between degree of hemoglobin saturation & Po2 of blood is not linear because affinity of hemoglobin for O2 changes with | show 🗑
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| S-shaped curve has steep slope for Po2 values between 10-50 mm Hg and then flattens out between 70-100 mm Hg | show 🗑
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| Under __ __ conditions aterial blood hemoglobin is 98% saturated and 100 ml of systemic aterial blood contains about 20 ml of O2 (20 vol %) | show 🗑
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| show | plasma
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| show | good index
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| when arterial Po2 is significantly less than alveolar Po2 some degree of __ __ exists | show 🗑
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| as arterial blood flows through systemic capillaries, about 5 ml of O2 per 100 ml of blood is released, yielding an Hb saturation of 75% and O2 content of 15 vol % in | show 🗑
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| show | both alveolar & arterial blood Po2
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| nearly complete saturation of Hb in arterial blood explains why breathing deeply causes very little increase in | show 🗑
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| Po2 measurements indicate only the amount of __ __ in plasma | show 🗑
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| show | almost completely; O2 binding
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| show | steep portion of curve
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| adaptive value of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is that O2 loading & delivery to tissues can still be adequate when | show 🗑
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| show | at higher altitudes & with cardiopulmonary disease
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| small drop in Po2 will cause large increase in __ in oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve | show 🗑
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| show | systemic circuit
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| substantial amounts of O2 are __ __ in venous blood, even though only 20-25% of bound oxygen is unloaded during 1 systemic circuit | show 🗑
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| amounts of O2 are still available in venous blood, even though only 20-25% of bound oxygen is unloaded during 1 systemic circuit | show 🗑
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| if O2 drops to very low levels in tissues, such as during vigorous exercise, much more O2 will dissociate from hemoglobin to be used by tissue cells without any | show 🗑
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| show | influence hemoglobin
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| show | 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)
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| anaerobic process of glucose breakdown | show 🗑
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| temperature, blood pH, Pco2, & amount of BPG in blood influence __ __ by modifying three-dimensional structure, thereby changing its affinity for O2 | show 🗑
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| show | oxygen unloading from blood
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| decrease in temperature, blood pH, Pco2, & amount of BPG in blood increases __ __ for oxygen, decreasing oxygen unloading | show 🗑
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| show | left
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| increase in temperature, blood pH, Pco2, & amount of BPG in blood shift oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the __ | show 🗑
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| temperature, blood pH, Pco2, & amount of BPG in blood all tend to be at __ __ in systemic capillaries where oxygen unloading is goal | show 🗑
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| as cells metabolize glucose & use O2 they release CO2, which increases Pco2 & H+ levels in | show 🗑
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| declining blood pH | show 🗑
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| show | Hb-O2 bond
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| show | Bohr effect
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| show | RBC metabolism & BPG synthesis
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| temperature, blood pH, Pco2, & amount of BPG in blood all see to it that Hb unloads much more O2 in vicinity of | show 🗑
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| show | hypoxia
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| show | fair-skinned
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| in __ people, when Hb saturation falls below 75% this color change (cyanosis) can only be observed in their mucosae & nail beds | show 🗑
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| reflects poor O2 delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal/too little Hb | show 🗑
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| show | ischemic/stagnant hypoxia
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| occurs when body cells are unable to use O2 even though adequate amounts are delivered; this is consequence of metabolic poisons, such as cyanide | show 🗑
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| show | hypoxemic hypoxia
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| unique type of hypoxemic hypoxia, leading cause of death from fire; does not produce characteristic signs of hypoxia, instead victim is confused & has throbbing headache | show 🗑
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| cyanosis & resulting respiratory distress | show 🗑
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| patients with __ __ are given hyperbaric therapy or 100% O2 until it has been cleared from body | show 🗑
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| normally active body cells produce about 200ml of __ exactly the amount excreted by lungs | show 🗑
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| show | plasma
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| show | chemically bound
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| when blood transports CO2 from tissue cells to lungs chemically bound to hemoglobin in RBCs as | show 🗑
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| show | carbaminohemoglobin
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| creation reaction to carbaminohemoglobin is rapid & does not require a(n) __ | show 🗑
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| show | amino acids of globin
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| CO2 loading/unloading to & from Hb are directly influenced by | show 🗑
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| show | rapidly dissociates
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| show | tissues
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| deoxygenated hemoglobin combines __ __ with CO2 than does oxygenated hemoglobin | show 🗑
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| blood transports CO2 from tissue cells to lungs as __ __ in plasma | show 🗑
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| show | carbonic acid (H2CO3)
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| carbonic acid (H2CO3) is unstable & __ into hydrogen ions & bicarbonate ions | show 🗑
|
||||
| enzyme that facilitates combination of carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid, reversibly catalyzing the conversion of water & CO2 to to carbonic acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | faster
🗑
|
||||
| show | enhances
🗑
|
||||
| because of __ __ of Hb, the liberated H+ causes little change in pH under resting conditions | show 🗑
|
||||
| once generated HCO3- __ __ from RBCs into plasma, where it is carried to lungs | show 🗑
|
||||
| process which occurs in cardiovascular system & refers to exchange (facilitated diffusion) of bicarbonate (HCO3-) & chloride (Cl-) across membrane of RBCs | show 🗑
|
||||
| chloride shift is also called | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reversed
🗑
|
||||
| as blood moves through pulmonary capillaries its Pco2 declines from 45 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg; CO2 must 1st be freed from its __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | CO2 & water
🗑
|
||||
| show | markedly affected
🗑
|
||||
| show | CO2 can be carried in blood
🗑
|
||||
| Haldane effect reflects greater ability of __ __ to form carbaminohemoglobin & to buffer H+ by combining with it; as CO2 enters systemic bloodstream it causes Bohr effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| deoxygenation of the blood increases its ability to carry carbon dioxide & combine with Hb | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tissues & lungs
🗑
|
||||
| part of blood's carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system | show 🗑
|
||||
| typically the H+ released during __ __ __ is buffered by Hb or other proteins within RBCs or plasma | show 🗑
|
||||
| during carbonic acid dissociation, the HCO3- generated in RBCs __ __ __, where it acts as alkaline reserve | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system
🗑
|
||||
| show | resisting shifts
🗑
|
||||
| if hydrogen ion concentration in blood begins to rise, __ __ is removed by combining with HCO3- to form carbonic acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| if H+ concentration __ __ desirable levels in blood, carbonic acid dissociates, releasing H+ & lowering blood pH again | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blood pH
🗑
|
||||
| slow, shallow breathing allows CO2 __ __ in blood, increasing carbonic acid levels & decreasing blood pH | show 🗑
|
||||
| rapid, deep breathing quickly flushes CO2 out of blood, __ carbonic acid levels & increasing blood pH | show 🗑
|
||||
| respiratory ventilation ca provide __ __ to adjust blood pH & Pco2 when it is disturbed by metabolic factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| play major role in acid-base balance of blood | show 🗑
|
||||
| located dorsally near toot of cranial nerve IX | show 🗑
|
||||
| network of neurons that extends in ventral brain stem from spinal cord to pons-medulla junction | show 🗑
|
||||
| clustered neurons in areas of medulla oblongata that are critically important in respiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | rhythm-generating; integrative
🗑
|
||||
| show | mutual inhibition
🗑
|
||||
| show | phrenic nerves
🗑
|
||||
| when inspiratory neurons fire in VRG a burst of impulse travels along __ __to excite external intercostal muscles | show 🗑
|
||||
| when VRG's __ __ fire the output stops & expiration occurs passively as inspiratory muscles relax & recoil | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory rate of 12-15 breaths/min
🗑
|
||||
| cyclic on/off activity of inspiratory & expiratory neurons repeats continuously & inspiratory phase lasts about __ __ followed by expiratory phase lasting about __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | eupnea
🗑
|
||||
| during __ __, VRG networks generate gasping | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stops completely
🗑
|
||||
| show | integrates input
🗑
|
||||
| influence & modify activity of medullary neurons | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | smooth out
🗑
|
||||
| when lesions are made in pontine respiratory centers' superior region inspirations become __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | pontine respiratory group
🗑
|
||||
| show | periphery
🗑
|
||||
| show | does not abolish breathing
🗑
|
||||
| normal respiratory rhythm is a result of __ __ of interconnected neuronal networks in medulla | show 🗑
|
||||
| determined by how actively respiratory center stimulates motor neurons serving respiratory muscles | show 🗑
|
||||
| determined by how long inspiratory center is active or how quickly it is switched off | show 🗑
|
||||
| can be modified in response to changing body demands | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | excitatory & inhibitory stimuli
🗑
|
||||
| show | chemoreceptors
🗑
|
||||
| show | central chemoreceptors
🗑
|
||||
| show | peripheral chemoreceptors
🗑
|
||||
| most potent and most closely controlled chemical influencing respiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 40 mm Hg
🗑
|
||||
| show | rising CO2 levels have on central chemoreceptors of brain stem
🗑
|
||||
| high carbon dioxide levels in the blood that accumulates in the brain | show 🗑
|
||||
| as CO2 is accumulated in brain it is __ to form carbonic acid | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | liberated; drops
🗑
|
||||
| when CO2 accumulates in brain, after carbon acid dissociates and H+ is liberated, H+ excites central chemoreceptors which | show 🗑
|
||||
| when H+ excites central chemoreceptors depth & rate of breathing __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| enhanced alveolar ventilation, when H+ excites central chemoreceptors, quickly flushes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | doubling of alveolar ventilation
🗑
|
||||
| when Po2 & pH are __ __ the response to elevated Pco2 is even greater | show 🗑
|
||||
| increased ventilation is normally __ ending when homeostatic blood Pco2 levels are restored | show 🗑
|
||||
| even though rising blood CO2 levels act as initial stimulus for increased ventilation, it is rising levels of H+ generated within brain that | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ readily diffuses across blood-brain barrier between brain & blood, but __ does not | show 🗑
|
||||
| control of breathing during rest is aimed primarily at __ __ concentration in the brain | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acute mountain sickness (AMS)
🗑
|
||||
| show | severe cases
🗑
|
||||
| show | acclimatization
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperventilation
🗑
|
||||
| low CO2 levels in the blood | show 🗑
|
||||
| when a person hyperventilates (involuntarily) & becomes dizzy/faints, this is due to hypocapnia causing cerebral blood vessels to __ reducing brain perfusion & producing cerebral ischemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | falling
🗑
|
||||
| when Pco2 is abnormally low, respiration is __ & becomes slow & shallow | show 🗑
|
||||
| blood O2 content rarely drops much __ __ of normal during regular breath-holding, because as Po2 drops, __ rises enough to make breathing unavoidable | show 🗑
|
||||
| strenuous hyperventilation can lower Pco2 so much that a lag period occurs before it rebounds enough to | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | peripheral
🗑
|
||||
| show | aortic bodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | carotid bodies
🗑
|
||||
| show | peripheral chemoreceptors
🗑
|
||||
| cells sensitive to arterial O2 levels in carotid bodies are | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | declining Po2
🗑
|
||||
| show | drop substantially
🗑
|
||||
| show | arterial blood falls below 60 mm Hg
🗑
|
||||
| once arterial blood falls below 60 mm Hg peripheral chemoreceptors become excited & stimulate respiratory centers to | show 🗑
|
||||
| peripheral chemoreceptors system can __ __ when alveolar O2 levels are low even though brain stem centers are depressed by hypoxia | show 🗑
|
||||
| changes in arterial pH can modify respiratory rate & rhythm even when | show 🗑
|
||||
| because little H+ diffuses from blood into brain, direct effect of arterial H+ concentration on central chemoreceptors is insignificant compared to | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | falling arterial pH
🗑
|
||||
| show | compensate; eliminating
🗑
|
||||
| show | most important stimulus
🗑
|
||||
| low Pco2 levels __ respiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| as CO2 is hydrated in brain tissue, liberated H+ acts directly on central chemoreceptors, causing __ __ in breathing rate & depth | show 🗑
|
||||
| low Po2 __ Pco2 effects | show 🗑
|
||||
| high Po2 levels diminish effectiveness of __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| both hypocapnia & increase in blood pH __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| changes in arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention/metabolic factors __ __ through peripheral chemoreceptors to promote changes in ventilation, which in turn modify arterial Pco2 & pH | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory rate & depth
🗑
|
||||
| sudden chilling of body can cause __ of breathing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cerebral motor
🗑
|
||||
| show | vagal nerve afferents
🗑
|
||||
| show | lungs are inflated
🗑
|
||||
| stretch receptors in visceral pleurae & conducting passages in lungs signal the medullary respiratory centers via afferent fibers of __ __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inflation/Hering-Breuer reflex
🗑
|
||||
| show | protective response
🗑
|
||||
| show | hyperpnea
🗑
|
||||
| working muscles consume tremendous amounts of O2 & produce large amounts of CO2, so ventilation can increase __ during vigorous exercise | show 🗑
|
||||
| hyperpnea is an increase in ventilation in | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | significant changes
🗑
|
||||
| show | low Pco2 & alkalosis
🗑
|
||||
| show | remain constant
🗑
|
||||
| show | psychological
🗑
|
||||
| abrupt increase in ventilation occurring as exercise begins reflect simultaneous __ __ activation of skeletal muscles & respiratory centers | show 🗑
|
||||
| abrupt increase in ventilation occurring as exercise begins reflect excitatory impulses reaching respiratory centers from __ in moving muscles, tendons, & joints | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | O2 deficit
🗑
|
||||
| rise in lactic acid levels that contributes to O2 deficit during exercise reflects __ __ limitation or inability of skeletal muscles to further increase their oxygen consumption | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
🗑
|
||||
| includes emphysema, chronic bronchitisollective term for progressive, obstructive respiratory disorders | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | key physiological feature
🗑
|
||||
| show | history of smoking
🗑
|
||||
| difficult or labored breathing; "air hunger" | show 🗑
|
||||
| common feature of COPDs is that dyspnea occurs and | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory infections
🗑
|
||||
| most COPD victims develop __ __ manifested as hypoventilation, respiratory acidosis, & hypoxemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoventilation
🗑
|
||||
| hypoventilation is insufficient ventilation in relation to __ __ causing CO2 retention | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | emphysema
🗑
|
||||
| show | elasticity
🗑
|
||||
| loss of elasticity in lungs, accompanying emphysema, has consequence of accessory muscles that must be enlisted to breath causing victims to be __ __ because breathing requires 15-20% of total body energy supply | show 🗑
|
||||
| loss of elasticity in lungs, accompanying emphysema, has consequence that when bronchioles open during inspiration they collapse on expiration which causes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | about 5% of total body energy
🗑
|
||||
| show | barrel chest
🗑
|
||||
| show | right ventricle to overwork & become enlarged
🗑
|
||||
| show | hereditary factors, such as alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
🗑
|
||||
| inhaled irritants lead to chronic excessive mucus production by mucosa of lower respiratory passageways & to inflammation & fibrosis of that mucosa; these responses obstruct airways & severely impair lung ventilation & gas exchange | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stagnant pools of mucus
🗑
|
||||
| in chronic bronchitis the __ __ __ is usually moderate compared to emphysema suffers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | contribute to
🗑
|
||||
| show | pink puffer
🗑
|
||||
| show | blue bloaters
🗑
|
||||
| hypoxia related to COPD causes constriction of pulmonary blood vessels, which leads to pulmonary hypertension & __ heart failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | strength of their innate respiratory drive
🗑
|
||||
| COPD is routinely treated with __ & __ in aerosol form/inhalers | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lung volume reduction surgery
🗑
|
||||
| show | acute respiratory distress
🗑
|
||||
| in some COPD patients giving pure O2 can increase __ __ & lower blood pH to life-threatening levels, thought to be sudden loss of hypoxic drive | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypoxic drive hypothesis
🗑
|
||||
| O2 dilates pulmonary arterioles, increasing perfusion & worsening an already poor __ __, in COPD patients | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | underlying COPD
🗑
|
||||
| characterized by episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing & chest tightness, along or in combination | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | acute exacerbation
🗑
|
||||
| show | active inflammation
🗑
|
||||
| in asthma, airway inflammation is a(n) __ __ under control of Th2 cells, subset of T lymphocytes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | TH2 cells
🗑
|
||||
| once someone has __ __, inflammation periods even during symptom-free periods & makes airways hypersensitive to almost any irritant | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | thickened
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhaled corticosteroids
🗑
|
||||
| show | antileukotrienes & antibodies against the patient's own IgE class of antibodies
🗑
|
||||
| infectious disease; spread by coughing & primarily enters body in inhaled air | show 🗑
|
||||
| mycobaterium tuberculosis | show 🗑
|
||||
| TB mostly effects lungs but can | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | squamous cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | adenocarcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | small cell carcinoma
🗑
|
||||
| show | ectopic sites
🗑
|
||||
| show | ACTH; ADH
🗑
|
||||
| small cell carcinomas that secrete ACTH can | show 🗑
|
||||
| small cell carcinomas that secrete ADH can lead to | show 🗑
|
||||
| with lung cancer, __ __ of diseased lung has the greatest potential for prolonging life & providing a cure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | often metastasized
🗑
|
||||
| in most lung cancer cases radiation therapy & chemotherapy are the __ __, but have low success rates | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | new therapies
🗑
|
||||
| show | cancer vaccines
🗑
|
||||
| new therapies on the horizon include various forms of __ __ to replace defective genes that make tumor cells divide continuously | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cephalocaudal direction
🗑
|
||||
| head-to-tail | show 🗑
|
||||
| 2 thickened plates of ectoderm present on anterior aspect of head by 4th week of development | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | olfactory pits
🗑
|
||||
| show | developing pharynx
🗑
|
||||
| epithelium of lower respiratory organs develops as outpocketing of __ __, which becomes pharyngeal mucosa | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tracheal lining
🗑
|
||||
| present by 5th week of development; distal part of laryngotracheal bud splits and forms | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | endoderm-derived
🗑
|
||||
| by 28 weeks respiratory system has __ __ to allow baby born prematurely to breathe on its own | show 🗑
|
||||
| babies born before 28 weeks tend to exhibit infant respiratory distress syndrome resulting from | show 🗑
|
||||
| during fetal life lungs are filled with fluid & all respiratory exchanges are made by | show 🗑
|
||||
| cause circulating blood to largely bypass lungs | show 🗑
|
||||
| at birth, fluid-filled pathway empties and respiratory passageways | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | take its first breath
🗑
|
||||
| it is nearly __ __ before newborn's lungs are fully inflated | show 🗑
|
||||
| most common lethal genetic disease in North America, strikes 1/2400 births; causes secretion of abnormally viscous mucus that clogs respiratory passages, providing breading ground for airborne bacteria that predisposes child to respiratory infections | show 🗑
|
||||
| infection of CF victims' lungs with bacterium __ __ trips genetic switch that causes disabled cells to churn our oceans of abnormal mucin, then feeding on stagnant pools of mucus & keep sending signals to cells to make more | show 🗑
|
||||
| in CF, toxins released by bacteria & local inflammatory reaction set up by immune response both | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | attack lung tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | lung transplant
🗑
|
||||
| show | food digestion
🗑
|
||||
| show | cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein
🗑
|
||||
| show | Cl-
🗑
|
||||
| show | amino acid
🗑
|
||||
| in those with mutated gene, CFTR consequently allows less Cl- to be secreted and less water flows, resulting in | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | conventional therapy for CF
🗑
|
||||
| basic goal of CF research is to restore normal salt/water movements by introducing __ __ genes into respiratory tract mucosa cells | show 🗑
|
||||
| basic goal of CF research is to restore normal salt/water movements by prodding another __ __ to take over duties of transporting Cl- | show 🗑
|
||||
| basic goal of CF research is to restore normal salt/water movements by developing techniques to free CFTR protein | show 🗑
|
||||
| CF antiinflammatory agent being tested is fatty acid found in fish oils | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hypertonic saline droplets
🗑
|
||||
| respiratory rate is __ in newborns (40-80 respirations/minute) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | around 25/minute
🗑
|
||||
| show | between 12-18/minute
🗑
|
||||
| show | alveoli are present
🗑
|
||||
| show | horizontal course
🗑
|
||||
| infants relay almost entirely on __ __ __ to increase thoracic volume for inspiration | show 🗑
|
||||
| by 2 years of age ribs are positioned __ __, and adult form of breathing is established | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | external factors
🗑
|
||||
| __ __ respiratory diseases at present at COPD, asthma, lung cancer, & multidrug-resistant TB | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inactive people
🗑
|
||||
| as we age, thoracic wall becomes __ __ & lungs gradually lose their elasticity | show 🗑
|
||||
| vital capacity declines about 1/3 by | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | during sleep
🗑
|
||||
| show | tend to exhibit
🗑
|
||||
| show | sleep apnea
🗑
|
||||
| functional residual capacity is | show 🗑
|
||||
| inspiratory rate is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | about 500 ml
🗑
|
||||
| total lung capacity is | show 🗑
|
||||
| vital capacity is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | movement of air into and out of the lungs so that gases are continuously changed and refreshed
🗑
|
||||
| transport of oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from tissue cells to lungs | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | movement of oxygen from the blood to tissue cells and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood
🗑
|
||||
| external respiration is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | actual site of gas exchange
🗑
|
||||
| conducting zone is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Boyle's law
🗑
|
||||
| show | Dalton's law
🗑
|
||||
| when a mixture of gases is in contact with a liquid, each gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure; this affects the movement of oxygen gas from the lungs into fluids in the tissues | show 🗑
|
||||
| nasal cavity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | commonly called the throat; air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs
🗑
|
||||
| show | contains vocal cords that produce speech; called the voice box
🗑
|
||||
| show | descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides to go to each lung
🗑
|
||||
| show | major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that go to each lung
🗑
|
||||
| show | terminal branches of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs
🗑
|
||||
| show | inhaled irritants lead to chronic excessive mucus production by the mucosa of the lower respiratory passageways and to inflammation and fibrosis of that mucosa
🗑
|
||||
| show | permanent enlargement of the alveoli, accompanied by deterioration of the alveolar walls
🗑
|
||||
| show | characterized by episodes of coughing, dyspnea, wheezing, and chest tightness; airways become hypersensitive to irritants due to inflammation
🗑
|
||||
| lung cancer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lower than outside pressure as diaphragm contracts
🗑
|
||||
| show | pressure change
🗑
|
||||
| alveolar ventilation rate is movement of air | show 🗑
|
||||
| formula for alveolar ventilation rate is | show 🗑
|
||||
| hemoglobin has a tendency to release oxygen where | show 🗑
|
||||
| Bohr effect helps unload O2 when | show 🗑
|
||||
| in the alveoli, the partial pressure of oxygen is | show 🗑
|
||||
| partial pressure of O2 in alveoli is is about 35% less than | show 🗑
|
||||
| most of the CO2 transported by blood is | show 🗑
|
||||
| elastic cartilage that shields the opening to the larynx during swallowing is | show 🗑
|
||||
| pulmonary ventilation is the | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tissue lines the trachea
🗑
|
||||
| cilia of pseudostratified columnar epithelium in trachea | show 🗑
|
||||
| respiratory structure with the smallest diameter | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | lowered CO2 levels in blood & consequent constriction of cerebral blood vessels
🗑
|
||||
| lowered CO2 levels in the blood cause cerebral blood vessels to __, reducing brain perfusion & causing ischemia | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nitrogen
🗑
|
||||
| nitrogen makes up about 79% of atmospheric gas and has __ __ at normal atmospheric pressures | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ __ for extended periods of time result in nitrogen narcosis, or "rapture of the deep" | show 🗑
|
||||
| hyperpnea is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | as carbaminohemoglobin
🗑
|
||||
| show | basic respiratory rhythm
🗑
|
||||
| show | allow gas exchange
🗑
|
||||
| example of an enzyme located in lung capillary membrane that acts on material in blood is | show 🗑
|
||||
| airway resistance is insignificant in relationship to gas flow because | show 🗑
|
||||
| transpulmonary pressure is difference between __ &__ pressure | show 🗑
|
||||
| increase in lung compliance __ __ lead to a decrease in the total respiratory compliance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | yawning
🗑
|
||||
| breathing excessively high concentrations of oxygen for a long period of time would lead to | show 🗑
|
||||
| non-respiratory movements caused by irritation of diaphragm | show 🗑
|
||||
| dorsal respiratory group is | show 🗑
|
||||
| stimulating the contraction of the diaphragm | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | blood and alveoli
🗑
|
||||
| if intrapulmonary pressure & intrapleural pressure equalize | show 🗑
|
||||
| most prevalent gas in the __ is nitrogen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | start of expiration
🗑
|
||||
| without the secretions of __ __ __ __, the lungs would collapse between breaths | show 🗑
|
||||
| during fetal life lungs are filled with fluid & all __ __ are made by the placenta | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | highest; decreases
🗑
|
||||
| show | Hb affinity
🗑
|
||||
| show | bicarbonate ions in plasma
🗑
|
||||
| increase in CO2 in blood will cause a(n) __ __ in H+ concentration (drop in pH) | show 🗑
|
||||
| external ventilation is | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | hairs within the nasal cavity that filter coarse particles, such as pollen and dust, from inspired air
🗑
|
||||
| inflammation of the nasal mucosa accompanied by excessive mucus production, nasal congestion, and postnasal drip | show 🗑
|
||||
| nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | covered by a mucosa containing taste buds, and keeps food out of the lower respiratory passages
🗑
|
||||
| show | approximately 23 times within the lungs
🗑
|
||||
| show | elastic connective tissue found within the lungs
🗑
|
||||
| show | histotoxic hypoxia
🗑
|
||||
| show | respiratory system
🗑
|
||||
| to supply body w/oxygen & dispose of carbon dioxide | show 🗑
|
||||
| processes involved in supplying the body with oxygen and disposing of carbon dioxide | show 🗑
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| show | pulmonary ventilation
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| movement of oxygen from lungs to blood & of carbon dioxide from blood to lungs | show 🗑
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| show | transport of respiratory gases
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| transport of respiratory gases accomplished by cardiovascular system using blood as | show 🗑
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| movement of oxygen from blood to tissue cells & of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood | show 🗑
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| pulmonary & external ventilation are the __ __ of the respiratory system | show 🗑
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| respiratory system cannot accomplish primary goal of obtaining oxygen & eliminating carbon dioxide unless these take place | show 🗑
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| if either respiratory or circulatory systems fail the body's cells begin to die from | show 🗑
|
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| show | cellular respiration
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|
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| show | cornerstone
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|
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| nose, nasal cavity, & paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & smaller branches & lungs which contain alveoli compose the __ system | show 🗑
|
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| show | alveoli
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|
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| actual site of gas exchange in lungs; composed of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, & alveoli (all microscopic structures) | show 🗑
|
||||
| nose, nasal cavity, & paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs; provides fairly rigid conduits for air to reach gas exchange sites | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | conducting zone organs
🗑
|
||||
| although it brings about volume change that promotes ventilation, it is classified as part of the muscular system | show 🗑
|
||||
| only externally visible part of respiratory system; provides airway for respiration; moistens & warms entering air; filters & cleans inspired air; serves as resonating chamber for speech; houses olfactory receptors | show 🗑
|
||||
| area of nose between eyebrows | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | external nose
🗑
|
||||
| anterior margin of external nose | show 🗑
|
||||
| tip of nose | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | philtrum
🗑
|
||||
| show | nostrils/nares
🗑
|
||||
| show | alae
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|
||||
| show | superiorly
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|
||||
| show | laterally
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|
||||
| skeletal framework of external nose is fashioned by flexible plates of hyaline cartilage __ | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nasal bones
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|
||||
| root of nose is formed by | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | flexible plates of hyaline cartilage of nose
🗑
|
||||
| skin covering nose's dorsal & lateral aspects is thin & contains many | show 🗑
|
||||
| lies internally & posterior to external nose | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nasal septum
🗑
|
||||
| show | posterior nasal apertures
🗑
|
||||
| show | choanae
🗑
|
||||
| show | funnels
🗑
|
||||
| show | ethmoid; sphenoid
🗑
|
||||
| floor of nasal cavity is formed by the __, which separates nasal cavity from oral cavity below | show 🗑
|
||||
| anteriorly the palate is supported by palatine bones & processes of maxillary bones, called | show 🗑
|
||||
| unsupported posterior portion of palate is the muscular | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | nasal vestibule
🗑
|
||||
| hairs of nasal cavity; filter coarse particles from inspired air | show 🗑
|
||||
| vibrissae means | show 🗑
|
||||
| lining slitlike superior region of nasal cavity; smell receptors | show 🗑
|
||||
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing scattered goblet cells that rest on lamina propria richly supplied with mucous & serous glands | show 🗑
|
||||
| mucous cells secrete | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| antibacterial enzyme secreted in mucus of respiratory mucosa | show 🗑
|
||||
| respiratory glands secrete about a(n) __ of mucous containing lysozyme | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chemically
🗑
|
||||
| show | defensins
🗑
|
||||
| high water content of __ __ acts to humidify inhaled air | show 🗑
|
||||
| __ __ of respiratory mucosa create gentle current that moves sheets of contaminated mucus posteriorly toward the throat where it is swallowed & digested by stomach juices | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sneeze reflex
🗑
|
||||
| show | sneeze
🗑
|
||||
| show | rich plexus
🗑
|
||||
| show | cold
🗑
|
||||
| show | nasal conchae
🗑
|
||||
| show | nasal meatus
🗑
|
||||
| show | surface area
🗑
|
||||
| show | heavier nongaseous
🗑
|
||||
| show | make it past nasal cavity
🗑
|
||||
| not only function during inhalation to filter, heat, & moisten air, but also act during exhalation to reclaim this heat & moisture | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cools
🗑
|
||||
| during exhalation __ __ precipitate moisture & extract heat from humid air flowing over them | show 🗑
|
||||
| the reclamation processes, by cooled nasal conchae __ amount of moisture & heat lost from body through breathing, helping us survive in dry & cold climates | show 🗑
|
||||
| mucous-membrane-lined, air-filled cavity | show 🗑
|
||||
| located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & maxillary bones, nasal cavity surrounded by ring of | show 🗑
|
||||
| lighten skull & together with nasal cavity they warm & moisten air | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | mucus produced by sinuses
🗑
|
||||
| show | rhinitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | continuous
🗑
|
||||
| show | sinusitis
🗑
|
||||
| show | sinus headache
🗑
|
||||
| show | pharynx
🗑
|
||||
| show | divisions of pharynx
🗑
|
||||
| show | muscular pharynx
🗑
|
||||
| show | varies from one region to another
🗑
|
||||
| show | nasopharnyx
🗑
|
||||
| show | uvula
🗑
|
||||
| show | apertures
🗑
|
||||
| show | propelling mucus
🗑
|
||||
| show | pharyngeal tonsils
🗑
|
||||
| infected & swollen __ can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breath through the mouth; when chronically enlarged both speech & sleep may be distrubed | show 🗑
|
||||
| drain the middle ear cavities & allow middle ear pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure; open into lateral walls of nasopharynx | show 🗑
|
||||
| ridge of pharyngeal mucosa that arches over each of auditory tube openings | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | location
🗑
|
||||
| superoposterior & medial to tubal tonsils; also play protective role | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | oropharynx
🗑
|
||||
| where nasopharynx blends into oropharyx, epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to a more protective | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | food passage
🗑
|
||||
| paired; lie embedded in oropharnygeal mucosa of lateral walls of fauces | show 🗑
|
||||
| cover posterior surface of tongue | show 🗑
|
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