notes, word parts, & pathalogical conditions
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| Digestive System | known as gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, and alimentary canal; 30 feet long begining w/ mouth and ending w/ anus
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| Functions of Digestive System | organs of digestive system work together to prepare foods for absorption and responsible for elimination of solid waste from the body
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| Digestion | the process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food
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| Gastroenterologist | physician who specializes in the study of diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract
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| Upper gastrointestinal tract | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
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| Lower gastrointestinal tract | large and small intestines
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| Oral cavity | first part of the digestive tract; recieves food for ingestion
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| Oral cavity's parts | lips, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, and tongue
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| Tongue | Solid mass of very strong, flexible, skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane
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| Mastication | chewing
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| Salivary Glands (3 parts) | parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals- secrete most of saliva
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| Enzymes in saliva | amylase and lipase
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| Amylase | enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules
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| Lipase | enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
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| Teeth | responsible for the process of chewing
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| Pharynx (throat) | adjoins the oral cavity and is a passageway that serves both the respiratory and digestive systems
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| Esophagus | recieves food from the pharynx and propels it to the stomach; a muscular canal extending from the pharynx to the stomach
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| Stomach | the major organ of digestion located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen and divided into the body and pylorus
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| Three major divisions of the stomach | fundus, body, and pylorus
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| Chyme | liquidlike mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions; released in small amounts through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine
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| Small intestine | known as bowel
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| Ileocecal sphincter | a muscular ring that prevents the backflow of wastes from the large intestine into the small intestine
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| Large Intestine | begins with the ileocecal junction and extends to the anus
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| Colon | the longest part of the large intestine; divided into 4 sections
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| Rectum | the last 7-8 inches of the large intestine
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| Anus | the opening in which feces are eliminated from the body (defecation)
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| Liver | Longest gland of the body and one of the most complex; located immediatly under the diaphragm, slightly to the right
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| Hepatocytes | liver cells that produce bile
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| Bile | yellowish-green secretion of the liver
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| Function of bile | emulsifies (breaks apart) fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine
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| Function of the Liver | carbohydrate metabolism, fat metabolism, and detoxification
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| Gallbladder | pear-shaped sac, located on the undersurface of the liver; stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver
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| Pancreas | elongated organ of approximately 6-9 inches; located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen
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| Insulin | secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas
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| Cholelithiasis | abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
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| Duodenum | first part of the small intestine
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| Enamel | hard, white substance that covers the dentin of the crowns of a tooth; hardest substance in the body
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| Enzyme | a protein produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter
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| Peristalsis | The coordinated, rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract
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| Amyl/o | starch
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| Append/o | appendix
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| Appendic/o | appendix
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| Bil/i | bile
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| Bucco/o | cheek
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| -centesis | surgical puncture
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| Cirrh/o | yellow
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| Colon/o | colon
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| Esophag/o | esophagus
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| Gastr/o | stomach
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| Gluc/o | sugar; sweet
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| Glyc/o | sugar; sweet
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| Lip/o | fat
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| Mandibul/o | mandible
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| Odont/o | teeth
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| Or/o | mouth
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| Pancreat/o | pancreas
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| Pharyng/o | pharynx
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| -plasty | surgical repair
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| Rect/o | rectum
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| -rrhaphy | suturing
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| -spasm | twitching; involuntary contraction
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| Anorexia | Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
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| Aphagia | A condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result of organic or psychologic causes
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| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing
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| Emesis | Vomitus
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| Gastroesophageal Reflux | A backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus (heart burn/ GERD)
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| Cirrhosis | A disease of the liver that is chronic and degenerative causing injury to the hepatocytes; caused by malnutrition, achoholism, infection, or poisons (liver cells will slowly regenerate)
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| Crohn's disease | Digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever, cramping diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia
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| Diverticular disease | An expression used to characterize both diverticulosis and diverticulitis (common in ppl over 45)
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| Gallstones (cholelithiasis) | Pigmented or hardened cholesterol stones formed as a result of bile crystallization
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| Hemorrhoids | A permanently distended vein, varicosity, in the distal rectum or anus
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| Pancreatitis | An acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas
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| Colostomy | The surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which the feces will be expelled
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| Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) | Alternative treatment for gallstones by using ultrasound to align the computerized lithotripter and source of shock waves with the stones- to crush the stones
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| Gastrointestinal endoscopy | The direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a lighted, fiberoptic endoscope
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| Liver biopsy | A piece of liver tissue id obtained for examination by inserting a specially designed needle into the liver through the abdominal wall
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| a.c. | before meals (ante cibum)
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| BE | barium enema
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| GBS | gallbladder series
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| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease
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| GI | gastrointestinal
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| GTT | glucose tolerance test
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| HBV | hepatitis B virus
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| HCI | hydrochloric acid
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| IBS | irritable bowel syndrome
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| IVC | intravenous cholangiography
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| LES | lower esophageal sphincter
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| LFTs | liver function tests
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| MRI | magnetic resibabce imaging
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| N&V | nausea and vomiting
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| NG | nasogastric
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| p.c. | after meals (post cibum)
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| PP,pp | postprandial
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| PTC | percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram
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| SBS | small bowel series
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| TPN | total parenteral nutrition
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