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Digestive System
notes, word parts, & pathalogical conditions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive System | known as gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, and alimentary canal; 30 feet long begining w/ mouth and ending w/ anus |
| Functions of Digestive System | organs of digestive system work together to prepare foods for absorption and responsible for elimination of solid waste from the body |
| Digestion | the process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food |
| Gastroenterologist | physician who specializes in the study of diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract |
| Upper gastrointestinal tract | oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach |
| Lower gastrointestinal tract | large and small intestines |
| Oral cavity | first part of the digestive tract; recieves food for ingestion |
| Oral cavity's parts | lips, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, and tongue |
| Tongue | Solid mass of very strong, flexible, skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane |
| Mastication | chewing |
| Salivary Glands (3 parts) | parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals- secrete most of saliva |
| Enzymes in saliva | amylase and lipase |
| Amylase | enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules |
| Lipase | enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats |
| Teeth | responsible for the process of chewing |
| Pharynx (throat) | adjoins the oral cavity and is a passageway that serves both the respiratory and digestive systems |
| Esophagus | recieves food from the pharynx and propels it to the stomach; a muscular canal extending from the pharynx to the stomach |
| Stomach | the major organ of digestion located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen and divided into the body and pylorus |
| Three major divisions of the stomach | fundus, body, and pylorus |
| Chyme | liquidlike mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions; released in small amounts through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine |
| Small intestine | known as bowel |
| Ileocecal sphincter | a muscular ring that prevents the backflow of wastes from the large intestine into the small intestine |
| Large Intestine | begins with the ileocecal junction and extends to the anus |
| Colon | the longest part of the large intestine; divided into 4 sections |
| Rectum | the last 7-8 inches of the large intestine |
| Anus | the opening in which feces are eliminated from the body (defecation) |
| Liver | Longest gland of the body and one of the most complex; located immediatly under the diaphragm, slightly to the right |
| Hepatocytes | liver cells that produce bile |
| Bile | yellowish-green secretion of the liver |
| Function of bile | emulsifies (breaks apart) fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine |
| Function of the Liver | carbohydrate metabolism, fat metabolism, and detoxification |
| Gallbladder | pear-shaped sac, located on the undersurface of the liver; stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver |
| Pancreas | elongated organ of approximately 6-9 inches; located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen |
| Insulin | secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas |
| Cholelithiasis | abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder |
| Duodenum | first part of the small intestine |
| Enamel | hard, white substance that covers the dentin of the crowns of a tooth; hardest substance in the body |
| Enzyme | a protein produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter |
| Peristalsis | The coordinated, rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract |
| Amyl/o | starch |
| Append/o | appendix |
| Appendic/o | appendix |
| Bil/i | bile |
| Bucco/o | cheek |
| -centesis | surgical puncture |
| Cirrh/o | yellow |
| Colon/o | colon |
| Esophag/o | esophagus |
| Gastr/o | stomach |
| Gluc/o | sugar; sweet |
| Glyc/o | sugar; sweet |
| Lip/o | fat |
| Mandibul/o | mandible |
| Odont/o | teeth |
| Or/o | mouth |
| Pancreat/o | pancreas |
| Pharyng/o | pharynx |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| Rect/o | rectum |
| -rrhaphy | suturing |
| -spasm | twitching; involuntary contraction |
| Anorexia | Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat |
| Aphagia | A condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result of organic or psychologic causes |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| Emesis | Vomitus |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux | A backflow of contents of the stomach into the esophagus (heart burn/ GERD) |
| Cirrhosis | A disease of the liver that is chronic and degenerative causing injury to the hepatocytes; caused by malnutrition, achoholism, infection, or poisons (liver cells will slowly regenerate) |
| Crohn's disease | Digestive tract inflammation of a chronic nature causing fever, cramping diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia |
| Diverticular disease | An expression used to characterize both diverticulosis and diverticulitis (common in ppl over 45) |
| Gallstones (cholelithiasis) | Pigmented or hardened cholesterol stones formed as a result of bile crystallization |
| Hemorrhoids | A permanently distended vein, varicosity, in the distal rectum or anus |
| Pancreatitis | An acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas |
| Colostomy | The surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which the feces will be expelled |
| Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) | Alternative treatment for gallstones by using ultrasound to align the computerized lithotripter and source of shock waves with the stones- to crush the stones |
| Gastrointestinal endoscopy | The direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a lighted, fiberoptic endoscope |
| Liver biopsy | A piece of liver tissue id obtained for examination by inserting a specially designed needle into the liver through the abdominal wall |
| a.c. | before meals (ante cibum) |
| BE | barium enema |
| GBS | gallbladder series |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| GI | gastrointestinal |
| GTT | glucose tolerance test |
| HBV | hepatitis B virus |
| HCI | hydrochloric acid |
| IBS | irritable bowel syndrome |
| IVC | intravenous cholangiography |
| LES | lower esophageal sphincter |
| LFTs | liver function tests |
| MRI | magnetic resibabce imaging |
| N&V | nausea and vomiting |
| NG | nasogastric |
| p.c. | after meals (post cibum) |
| PP,pp | postprandial |
| PTC | percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram |
| SBS | small bowel series |
| TPN | total parenteral nutrition |
Created by:
LeeAnn8
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