Chapter 13 Flashcards
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| Compare/Contrast how the endocrine and exocrine glands work. | Endocrine - releases hormones into interstitial fluid and then into the blood stream.
Exocrine - secret their products into ducts that carry secretions into a body cavity.
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| Role of target cells and receptor sites. | Target cells are only affected by a specific hormone traveling throughout blood. In receptors, hormones influence their target cells by chemically binding to specific receptors.
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| Identify locations of receptor sites for lipid soluble and water soluble hormones. | Lipid soluble receptor sites are inside, while water soluble receptor sites are outside.
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| 3 ways hormone secretions are controlled and examples. | 1. Signals from the nervous system. Ex- impulses to the adrenal medullae.
2. Chemical changes in blood. Ex - blood Ca+2 level regulates secretion of parathyroid hormone.
3. Chemical changes in other hormones. Ex- hormone from anterior pituitary stimula
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| Human Growth Hormone (hGh) | 1. promotes synthesis
2. secrete small protein hormones called insulin like growth factors (IGF's).
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| Thyroid - Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | 1. stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
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| Follicle - Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone (FSH) | 1. ovaries are targets
2.each month FSH initiates the developement of sereral ovarian follicles and LH triggers ovulation.
3. Then LH stimulates formation of the corpos letum in the ovary and the secretion of progesterone by the corpos luteum.
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| Prolactin (PRL) | 1. initiates and maintains mil production by the mammary glands.
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| Oxytocin | 1. after delivery of a baby, 2 target tissues: uterus and breasts
2. during delivery, enhances contract of smooth muscle tissue
3. after, stimulates mil ejection from mammary glands
4.milk production and ejection constitute lactation
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | 1.allow kidneys to retain more water, thus decreasing urine volume
2. also decreases water through sweating
3. other name: vasopressin - increase blood pressure
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| Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4) | Thyroxine (T4) - contains 4 atoms of iodine
Triiodothyronine (T3) - 3 atoms of iodine
1. T4 circulates in blood and enters cells throughout body
2. then most converted to T3 by removal of iodine atom
3. Parafollicular cells produce calcitonin
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| Glucagon | 1. secreted by islet cells called alpha cells
2. increase blood glucose level when it falls below normal
3. provides neurons with glucose for ATP production
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| Insulin | 1. secreted by islet cells called beta cells
2. helps glucose more into cells, which lowers blood glucose level when its too high.
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| Cortisol | 1. most abundant glucocorticoid
2. following actions: protein breakdown
glucose formation
breakdown of triglycer.
anti - inflammatory eff
depression of immune res
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| Epinephrine | 1. hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions
2. similar to those of sympathetic stimulation
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| Nonepinephrine | 1. hormone secreted by adrenal meddulla that produces actions similar to sympathetic stimulation
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| Estrogen | 1. produces by the ovaries
2. govern development of oocytes, maintenance of female reproductive structures, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics
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| Progesterone | 1. produced by ovaries
2. helps prepare the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum
3. mammary glands for milk secretion
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| Cushings Disease | Causes - hypersecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex
Symptoms - sindly arms and legs, "moon face", "buffalo hump" on back
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| Glucagon | 1. secreted by islet cells called alpha cells
2. increase blood glucose level when it falls below normal
3. provides neurons with glucose for ATP production
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| Insulin | 1. secreted by islet cells called beta cells
2. helps glucose more into cells, which lowers blood glucose level when its too high.
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| Cortisol | 1. most abundant glucocorticoid
2. following actions: protein breakdown
glucose formation
breakdown of triglycer.
anti - inflammatory eff
depression of immune res
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| Epinephrine | 1. hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions
2. similar to those of sympathetic stimulation
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| Nonepinephrine | 1. hormone secreted by adrenal meddulla that produces actions similar to sympathetic stimulation
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| Estrogen | 1. produces by the ovaries
2. govern development of oocytes, maintenance of female reproductive structures, and appearance of secondary sex characteristics
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| Progesterone | 1. produced by ovaries
2. helps prepare the endometrium of the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum
3. mammary glands for milk secretion
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| Cushings Disease |
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| Addisons Disease | Causes - hypersecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone
Symptoms - mental lethargy, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, hypoglycemia, and muscular weakness
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| Type 1 Diabetes | Causes - low insulin level, immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells
Symptoms - excessive urine production, excessive thirst and excessive eating
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| Type 2 Diabetes | Causes - high glucose levels in the blood
Symptoms - excessive urine production, thirst, and eating
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| Hyperinsulinism | Cause - when a diabetic injects too much insulin
Symptoms - hypoglycemia, decreased blood glucose level
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| lact(o) | milk
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| acromegaly | enlarged and distorted extremities of the face
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| acidosis | accumulation of acids in the blood
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| anorexia | loss of appetite
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| cachexia | state of malnutrition, wasting
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| diaphoresis | excessive sweating
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| emaciation | extremely thin, wasting
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| gangrene | death of tissue secondary to low oxygen levels
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| hypophysectomy | removal of pituitary gland
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| neuropathy | disease of nerves, common with diabetes
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