Cardiovascular/Heart/Blood
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| Anemia | Reduced oxygen-carrying ability of blood resulting from too few erythrocytes or abnormal hemoglobin.
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| Anastomosis | A union or joining of nerves, blood vessels, or lymphatics.
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| Albumin | The most abundant plasma protein.
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| Angina pectoris | Severe suffocating chest pain caused by brief lack of oxygen supply to heart muscle.
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| Aneurysm | Blood-filled sac in an artery wall caused by dilation or weakening of the wall.
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| Aorta | Major systemic artery; arises from the left ventricle of the heart.
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| Arrhythmia | Irregular heart rhythm, often caused by defects in the intrinsic conduction system.
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| Atherosclerosis | Changes in the walls of large arteries consisting of lipid deposits on the artery walls; one form of arteriosclerosis.
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| Arteriosclerosis | Any of a number of proliferative and degenerative changes in the arteries leading to their decreased elasticity.
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| Arteriole | A minute artery
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| Arteries | Blood vessels that conduct blood away from the heart and into the circulation.
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| Atrioventricular (AV) valve | Valve that prevents backflow into the atrium when the connected ventricle is contracting.
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| Atrioventricular (AV) node | Specialized mass of conducting cells located at the atrioventricular junction in the heart.
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| Atrioventricular (AV) bundle | Bundle of specialized fibers that conduct impulses from the AV node to the right and left ventricles; also called bundle of His.
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| Atria | The two superior receiving chambers of the heart.
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| Autoregulation | The automatic local adjustment of blood flow to a particular body area in response to its current requirements.
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| Baroreceptor | A sensory nerve ending in the wall of the carotid sinus or aortic arch sensitive to vessel stretching.
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| Basophil | White blood cell whose granules stain purplish-black and nucleus purple with basic dye.
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| Bilirubin | Yellow pigment of bile.
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| Blood pressure (BP) | Force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls; differences in blood pressure between different areas of the circulation provide the driving force for blood circulation.
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| Capillaries | The smallest of the blood vessels and the sites of exchange between the blood and tissue cells.
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| Cardiac cycle | Sequence of events encompassing one complete contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles of the heart.
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| Bradycardia | A heart rate below 60 beats per minute.
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| Cardiac reserve | The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output.
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| Cardiac output (CO) | Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one minute.
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| Carotid body | A receptor in the common carotid artery sensitive to changing oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels of the blood.
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| Cardiogenic shock | Pump failure; the heart is so inefficient that it cannot sustain adequate circulation.
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| Carotid sinus | A dilation of a common carotid artery; involved in regulation of systemic blood pressure.
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| Cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) | An arterial anastomosis at the base of the brain.
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| Coagulation | Process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting.
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| Colloid osmotic pressure | Pressure created in a fluid by large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that are prevented from moving through a (capillary) membrane. Such substances tend to draw water to them.
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| Congenital | Existing at birth.
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| Complete blood count (CBC) | Clinical test that includes counts of all formed elements, a hematocrit, and measurements of erythrocyte size and hemoglobin content.
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| Congestive heart failure (CHF) | Condition in which the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that circulation is inadequate to meet tissue needs.
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| Coronary circulation | The functional blood supply of teh heart; shortest circulation in the body.
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| Diapedesis | Passage of white blood cells through intact vessel walls into tissue.
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| Diastole | Period of the cardiac cycle when either the ventricles or the atria are relaxing.
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| Diastolic pressure | Arterial blood pressure reached during or as a result of diastole; lowest level of any given cardiac cycle.
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| Differential white blood cell count | Diagnostic test to determine relative proportion of individual leukocyte types.
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| Diuretics | Chemicals that enhance urinary output.
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| Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) | Graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
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| Embolism | Obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolus (blood clot, fatty mass, bubble of air, or other debris) floating in the blood.
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| Endocardium | Endothelial membrane that lines the interior of the heart.
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| Eosinophil | Granular white blood cell whose granules readily take up an acid stain called eosin.
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| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells.
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| Erythropoiesis | Process of erythrocyte formation.
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| Extrasystole | Premature heart contraction.
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| Fenestrated | Pierced with one or more small openings.
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| Fibrillation | Condition of rapid and irregular or out-of-phase heart contractions.
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| Fibrin | Fibrous insoluble protein formed during blood clotting.
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| Fibrinogen | A soluble blood protein that is converted to insoluble fibrin during blood clotting.
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| Formed elements | Cellular portion of blood.
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| Fibrinolysis | Process that removes unneeded blood clots when healing has occurred.
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| Heart attack (coronary) | Condition characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by interruption of blood supply to the area. See Myocardial Infarction.
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| Heart block | Impaired transmission of impulses from atrium to ventricle resulting in abnormally slow heart rhythms.
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| Heart murmur | Abnormal heart sound (usually resulting from valve problems).
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| Hematocrit | The percentage of total blood volume occupied by erythrocytes.
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| Hematoma | Mass of clotted blood that forms at an injured site.
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| Hematopoiesis | Blood cell formation; hemopoiesis.
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| Heme | Iron-containing pigment that is essential to oxygen transport by hemoglobin.
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| Hemocytoblast | Bone marrow cell that gives rise to all the formed elements of blood; hematopoietic stem cell.
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| Hemoglobin | Oxygen-transporting protein of erythrocytes.
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| Hemolysis | Rupture of erythrocytes.
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| Hemophilia | A term loosely applied to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that exhibit similar signs and symptoms.
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| Hemopoiesis | Blood cell formation; hematopoiesis
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| Hemorrhage | Loss of blood from the vessels by flow through ruptured walls; bleeding.
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| Hemostasis | Stoppage of bleeding.
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| Heparin | Natural anticoagulent secreted into blood plasma.
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| Hepatic portal system | Circulation in which the hepatic portal vein carries dissolved nutrients to the liver tissues for processing.
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| Hydrostatic pressure | Pressure of fluid in a system.
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| Hypertension | High blood pressure.
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| Hypotension | Low blood pressure
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| Hypovolemic shock | Most common form of shock; results from extreme blood loss.
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| Incompetent vavle | Valve which does not close properly.
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| Infarct | Region of dead, deteriorating tissue resulting from a lack of blood supply.
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| Infectious mononucleosis | Highly contagious viral disease; marked by excessive agranulocytes.
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| Intercalated discs | Specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes.
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| Intrinsic factor | Substance produced by the stomach that is required for vitamin B12 absorption.
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| Inferior vena cava | Vein that returns blood from body areas below the diaphragm.
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| Leukemia | Refers to a group of cancerous conditions of white blood cells.
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| Leukocytes | White blood cells; formed elements involved in body protection that take part in inflammatory and immune responses.
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| Leukocytosis | An increase in the number of leukocytes (white blood cells); usually the result of a microbiological attack on the body.
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| Leukopenia | Abnormally low white blood cell count.
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| Leukopoiesis | The production of white blood cells.
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| Lumen | Cavity inside a tube, blood vessel, or hollow organ.
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| Lymphocyte | Agranular white blood cell that arises from bone marrow and becomes functionally mature in the lymphoid organs of the body.
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| Mediastinum | The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, and trachea.
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| Mitral (bicupspid) valve (mitral) | The left atrioventricular valve.
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| Monocyte | Large single-nucleus white blood cell; agranular leukocyte.
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| Myocardial infarction (MI) | Condition characterized by dead tissue areas in the myocardium; caused by interruption of blood supply to the area. Commonly called heart attack.
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| Myocardium | Layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle.
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| Neutrophil | Most abundant type of white blood cell.
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| Nitric oxide (NO) | A gaseous chemical messenger; diverse functions include participation in memory formation in the brain, and causing vasodilation throughout the body.
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| Oxyhemoglobin | Oxygen-bound form of hemoglobin.
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| Pericardium | Double-layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer; has fibrous and serous layers.
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| Peripheral congestion | Condition caused by failure of the right side of the heart; results in edema in the extremities.
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| Peripheral resistance | A measure of the amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through the blood vessels.
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| Plasma | The nonliving fluid component of blood within which formed elements and various solutes are suspended and circulation.
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| Platelet | Cell fragment found in blood; involved in clotting.
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| Polycythemia | An abnormally high number of erythrocytes.
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| Prothrombin time | Diagnostic test to determine status hemostasis system.
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| Pulmonary arteries | Vessels that deliver blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.
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| Pulmonary circuit | System of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in the lungs; i.e., pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins.
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| Pulmonary veins | Vessels that deliver freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory zones of the lungs to the heart.
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| Pulse | Rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt from outside the body.
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| Purkinje fibers | Modified ventricular muscle fibers of the conduction system of the heart.
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| Reticulocyte | Immature erythrocyte.
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| Semilunar valves | Valves that prevent blood return to the ventricles after contraction; aortic and pulmonary valves.
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| Sinoatrial (SA) node | Specialized myocardial cells in the wall of the right atrium; pacemaker of the heart.
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| Stenosis | Abnormal constriction or narrowing.
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| Stroke volume (SV) | Amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle during one contraction.
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| Superior vena cava | Vein that returns blood from body regions superior to the diaphragm.
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| Sympathetic (vasomotor) tone | State of partial vasoconstriction of the blood vessels maintained by sympathetic fibers.
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| Systemic circuit | System of blood vessels that serves gas exchange in the body tissue.
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| Systole | Period when either the ventricles or the atria are contracting.
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| Systolic pressure | Pressure exerted by blood on the blood vessel walls during ventricular contractions.
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| Tachycardia | A heart rate over 100 beats per minute.
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| Thorax | That portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck.
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| Thrombin | Enzyme that induces clotting by converting fibrinogen to fibrin.
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| Thrombocyte | Platelet; cell fragment that participates in blood coagulation.
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| Thrombocytopenia | A reduction in the number of platelets circulating in the blood.
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| Thrombus | A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel.
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| Tissue perfusion | Blood flow through body tissues or organs.
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| Transfusion reaction | Agglutination and destruction of red blood cells following transfusion of incompatible blood.
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| Tricuspid valve | The right atrioventricular valve.
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| Tunica | A covering or tissue coat; membrane layer.
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| Vascular | Pertaining to blood vessels or richly supplied with blood vessels.
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| Vascular spasm | Immediate response to blood vessel injury; results in constriction.
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| Vasoconstriction | Narrowing of blood vessels.
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| Vasodilation | Relaxation of the smooth muscles of the blood vessels, producing dilation.
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| Vasomotion | Intermittent contracton or relaxation of the precapillary sphincters, resulting in a staggered blood flow when tissue needs are not extreme.
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| Vasomotor center | Brain area concerned with regulation of blood vessel resistance.
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| Vasomotor fibers | Sympathetic nerve fibers that cause the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of blood vessels, thereby regulating blood vessel diameter.
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| Veins | Blood vessels that return blood toward the heart from the circulation.
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| Ventricles | (1) Paired, inferiorly located heart chambers that function as the major blood pumps; (2) cavities in the brain.
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| Venule | A small vein.
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| Visscosity | State of being sticky or thick.
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| Vital signs | Includes pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature measurements.
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